Electricity class 10 NCERT, Study notes of Physics

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🔌 CHAPTER 12: ELECTRICITY

1. ELECTRIC CHARGE

➢ Definition: A property of matter due to which it experiences electrical and magnetic effects. ➢ Symbol: 𝑄 ➢ SI Unit: Coulomb (C)

QUES :- Where is the charge found?

➢ In elementary particles: ● Electron: Negative charge (–) ● Proton: Positive charge (+) ● Neutron: Neutral ➢ All matter in the universe is made of atoms, which contain these particles.

Charge conversions:1 mC=10^(-3)C [MILI COULOMB] 1 𝜇 C=10^(−6)C [MICRO COULOMB]

QUES :- How does a body become charged?

➢ By disturbing the neutrality of an atom, charged particles can be created. ➢ Just like ions are created out of neutral atom. ● Loss of electrons → Positive charge ● Gain of electrons → Negative charge

2. QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE

NOTE :- Free electrons move when a potential difference is applied.

5. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V)

➢ Definition: Work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another. ➢ Formula: 𝑉=𝑊𝑄 ➢ Symbol: 𝑉 ➢ Unit: Volt (V) ➢ 1 Volt: 1 Joule per Coulomb

6. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

➢ Closed path through which current flows. ➢ Includes devices like bulb, switch, ammeter, cell, resistor, etc.

7. OHM’S LAW

➢ Statement: Current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference applied across the conductor at a particular temperature. ➢ 𝐼∝𝑉 or 𝑉=𝐼𝑅, Where 𝑅 is constant.

8. FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

★ Length (l)(In metre): 𝑅∝𝑙. ★ Area (A)(in metre^2): 𝑅∝1/𝐴 ★ Material: Different materials have different resistivity 𝜌 (Ω metre). ★ Temperature: 𝑅 increases with temperature.

9. SERIES CIRCUIT vs PARALLEL CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

𝑅(total) =𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅 3 1/𝑅(total) =1/𝑅1+1/𝑅2+1/𝑅 3

Current 𝐼 is same through all resistors

Voltage 𝑉 is same across each branch Voltage divides. Current divides .

10. HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT

❖ JOULE’S LAW OF HEATING States that, Heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to:Square of current 𝐼;Resistance 𝑅;Time 𝑡 ❖ Joule’s Law of Heating: 𝐻=𝐼^2𝑅𝑡

❖ Applications:

➢ Bulbs: Tungsten used due to high melting point. ➢ Fuses: Melts when excessive current flows. ➢ Heaters, irons, geysers, etc.,.

11.ELECTRIC POWER

➔ Statements :- rate at which electrical energy is consumed in circuit. ➔ Formula: 𝑃=𝑉𝐼