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CERTIFICATE | This is to certify that wWAKSHYA.....PATLE of Class XII-B has completed the Physics project titled “REFRACTIVE INDICES OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS” in partial fulfilment of curriculum of ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY EXAM (CBSE). This project was carried out in the school laboratory of KV MEG & CENTRE during the academic year 2024-25. ROLL No-- 18606632 / i e 2 \ One te nternal Examiner External Examiner School Seal Acknowledgement | take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in the completion of this project. The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons who helped to make it possible, It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness to my teacher SHRI. RAJENDRA NATH U. for valuable support, constant help and guidance at each and every stage, without which this project would not have come forth. | also register my sense of gratitude to our Principal, SHRI. LOKESH BIHARI SHARMA | for his immense encouragement that has made this project successful. | would also like to thank my friends and family for their endless support without which | could not have completed this work in time. Introduction This project envisages the use of hollow glass prism to calculate the refractive indices of various liquids. The hollow glass prism is filled with the liquid and then the deviation in the path of the ray of light, as it suffers refraction, is studied. Readings of the experiment are noted with the various liquids and refractive index is calculated for each pair of media.lt has been assumed that the refractive index of the liquids is with respect to that of air.!mportant general terms related to refraction of light are given below:- Refraction: In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight line. But whenever it falls on the surface of another medium, a very small fraction of it is reflected back and most of the light passes into the medium, though with a change of direction. This phenomenon of the bending of light at the surface of separation of two media is called refraction of light. Cause of Refraction: The phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam of light enters a medium in which light travels with a different velocity, Laws Of Reflection: 1. The reflected ray, the incident ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Laws Of Refraction: 1.The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. 2.For any two given media the ratio sini/sin ris a constant (where i is the angle of incidence, ris the angle of refraction). This is also called Snell's Law. Refractive Index: This constant is called the refractive index. For most purposes it may be assumed that the refractive index is w.r.t. air. When light travels from rarer to denser medium it bends towards the normal and when it travels from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal. It has been experimentally determined that refractive index of a substance, H= c/v. c=the speed of light in vacuum v= the speed of light in the substance Prism: A portion of transparent medium bounded by two plane surfaces inclined to each other at a suitable angle is called a prism. The angle between the two faces is known as the angle of the angle of the prism or the refracting angle. Refractive Edge: The line of interaction of the edges of the planes is known as the refractive edge of the prism. Angle of Deviation: The angle through which the incident ray of light is deviated is called the angle of deviation. It is the angle c= critical angle Relation between refractive index and critical angle according to Snell's Law: Pua= sin i/sinr where i = candr= 90° Pua = sin c/ sin 90° =sinc But one = Leh, i.e. 1/*u, = sin c or *H,p= 1/sin . Cc PE - Incident ray 0.5 = 1.4746 Liquid Speed of light v= 1 (m/s) Speed of light (m/s) Water 3x10°/1.3252 2.26x108 Vinegar 3x10°/1.3186 227X108 Vegetable oil 3x10°/1.4626 2.05x10* Glycerine 3X10°/1.4726 2.03108 peed of light in liquids 
