Energy Sources and Composition: Fossil Fuels, Coal, Petroleum, and Their Significance | Study notes Engineering Chemistry

CH 1304-Energy Management in Chemical Industries / UNIT I

1. What are the energy resources available?

Primary and secondary energy

✳Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass,

nuclear, geothermal, wind, solar, etc.)

✳Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are obtained from conversion of primary energy sources

in industrial utilities.

Commercial and non-commercial energy

✳Commercial energy: the sources that is available in the market for a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil,

etc.)

✳Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes, etc.

Renewable and non-renewable energy

•Renewable : Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

•Non-renewable: solar, wind, geothermal, ocean, nuclear, bio gas etc.

2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of renewable energy?

Advantages

•It will lost long

•Natural sources

•Clean fuel i.e. environmental friendly

Disadvantage cost of

•Low energy density except nuclear

•Cost involved is more

•Unreliable considering continuous and perennial supply

3. List any four green house gases.

Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

4. Composition of various types of coal (Ultimate analysis)

Coal Average composition in % Calorific Value

(Dry basis)

C H2O2N2S Ash Kcal/kg

Peat 55-60 6-6.5 30-35 1.5-2 0.6-1 3-10 4500-5000

Lignite 65-73 4.6-5.5 22-26 0.6-1 0.6-1.5 3.5-7.5 6500-7000

Sub Bituminous 70-78 4.5-5.5 20 1-1.5 1 6-7.5 6800-7600

Bituminous 80-90 4-6 2-15 1.5 0.5-1 5-7 7500-8200

Semi Anthracite 80-94 2-2.5 3-4.5 1-1.5 0.5 7-10 8000-8500

Anthracite 85-95 1.5-2.5 3 0.5 0.5 5-7 8400-8900

5. Significance of the constituents of coal:

a. Moisture:

▲Reduces the calorific value of fuel

▲Increases the consumption of coal

▲Heating time increases

b. Volatile matter:

▲Ignites easily

▲Burns with long smoky yellow flame

▲Lower calorific value

▲Increases the quality of coke oven gas

c. Ash:

▲Makes coal harder and stronger

▲Lower calorific value

▲Produces more slag

c.a. Carbon:

▲Calorific value increases

▲Increases with the ranking of the coal

▲Fuel quality increases

d. Hydrogen:

▲Increases calorific value

e. Nitrogen:

▲Inert nitrogen reduces the calorific value

▲Nitrogen is useful for carbonization industries

f. Sulfur:

▲Sulfur increases the calorific value

▲But combustion products SO2, SO3 causes damage to equipment when combines with the moisture

g. Oxygen:

▲Reduces the calorific value

▲Oxygen content increases the moisture holding capacity

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CH 1304-Energy Management in Chemical Industries / UNIT I

1. What are the energy resources available?

Primary and secondary energy

✳ Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass,

nuclear, geothermal, wind, solar, etc.)

✳ Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are obtained from conversion of primary energy sources

in industrial utilities. Commercial and non-commercial energy

✳ Commercial energy: the sources that is available in the market for a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil,

etc.)

✳ Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes, etc.

Renewable and non-renewable energy

• Renewable : Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

• Non-renewable: solar, wind, geothermal, ocean, nuclear, bio gas etc.

2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of renewable energy?

Advantages

• It will lost long

• Natural sources

• Clean fuel i.e. environmental friendly

Disadvantage cost of

• Low energy density except nuclear

• Cost involved is more

• Unreliable considering continuous and perennial supply

3. List any four green house gases.

Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )

4. Composition of various types of coal (Ultimate analysis)

Coal Average composition in % Calorific Value

(Dry basis) C H 2 O 2 N 2 S Ash Kcal/kg

Peat 55-60 6-6.5 30-35 1.5-2 0.6-1 3-10 4500-

Lignite 65-73 4.6-5.5 22-26 0.6-1 0.6-1.5 3.5-7.5 6500-

Sub Bituminous 70-78 4.5-5.5 20 1-1.5 1 6-7.5 6800-

Bituminous 80-90 4-6 2-15 1.5 0.5-1 5-7 7500-

Semi Anthracite 80-94 2-2.5 3-4.5 1-1.5 0.5 7-10 8000-

Anthracite 85-95 1.5-2.5 3 0.5 0.5 5-7 8400-

5. Significance of the constituents of coal:

a. Moisture:

▲ Reduces the calorific value of fuel

▲ Increases the consumption of coal

▲ Heating time increases

b. Volatile matter:

▲ Ignites easily

▲ Burns with long smoky yellow flame

▲ Lower calorific value

▲ Increases the quality of coke oven gas

c. Ash:

▲ Makes coal harder and stronger

▲ Lower calorific value

▲ Produces more slag

c.a. Carbon:

▲ Calorific value increases

▲ Increases with the ranking of the coal

▲ Fuel quality increases

d. Hydrogen:

▲ Increases calorific value

e. Nitrogen:

▲ Inert nitrogen reduces the calorific value

▲ Nitrogen is useful for carbonization industries

f. Sulfur:

▲ Sulfur increases the calorific value

▲ But combustion products SO 2 , SO 3 causes damage to equipment when combines with the moisture

g. Oxygen:

▲ Reduces the calorific value

▲ Oxygen content increases the moisture holding capacity

6. Composition of various products from distillation of Petroleum:

Product Yield % Temperature range °C

Uses

LPG Gas Well below room temperature

Domestic and Industrial fuel

Gasoline or Petrol 18 30 - 200 Fuel for spark ignition engine, dry cleaning Naphtha/Solvent spirit 16 120-250 Solvent, thinner, blending with motor fuel/heavy fuel oil to reduce viscosity Jet Fuel 130-260 Jet plane fuel (ATF-Aviation Turbo Fuel), Turbine engine Kerosene 140-290 Domestic fuel Diesel 8 140-300 Fuel for diesel Engine Gas oil 12 180-350 Gasified for producing gas for industrial purpose, for blending with heavy oils Lubricating oil 21 200-350 Lubricants for machines and engines Petrolatum 220-350 Base material for grease manufacture Light fuel oil 0 2 C 3 200 Fuel in industrial furnaces Heavy fuel oil 0 2 C 3 250 Furnace fuel after blending with light fuel oil or naphtha Wax 9 Candle making, waxed match, paper and cartons, rust prevention Road making bitumen/tar, residue pitch/coke

Road making, industrial fuel, making electrodes

7. Significance of the constituents of Petroleum products:

c.b. Specific gravity:

▲ Determines the maximum power per unit weight/volume.

▲ Hydrocarbons with low specific gravity (paraffin) posses the maximum thermal energy per unit

volume

▲ Hydrocarbons with high specific gravity (aromatic) posses the maximum thermal energy per unit

weight

c.c. Vapor pressure:

▲ With decrease in atmospheric pressure especially at higher altitudes the liquid fuel (gasoline)

vaporizes causing vapor locking and causing difficulty in starting spark ignition engines.

▲ If vapor pressure is too low starting of engine and lubricating oil dilution becomes difficult.

▲ If vapor pressure is high, vapors occurs in fuel tanks and pipelines causing pumping and metering

difficulties. Also flash point is low and danger of fire and explosion.

c.d. Viscosity:

High viscosity fuel cannot be properly atomized resulting loss of fuel.
(^) High viscosity fuel to be preheated to reduce the viscosity to minimize the pressure drop in pumping.
High viscosity lubricating oil reduces the fluidity causing undue friction

c.e. Flash point:

▲ It is the minimum temperature at which an oil gives out sufficient vapor to form an inflammable

mixture with air and momentary flash of fire occur when flame is applied.

▲ It gives an idea about nature of boiling point, amount of low boiling fraction present in the fuel,

explosion hazard, and volatility of liquid fuels.

c.f. Fire point:

▲ It is the lowest temperature at which vapors given off by oil catches fire and continue to burn at

least for 5 seconds. In most cases fire point is 5-40° C higher than that of flash point.

▲ It gives an idea of fire hazards during the storage and handling of the fuel.

▲ Although it is normal to determine both flash and fire points, the flash point itself sufficient to

measure the fire risk.

c.g. Cloud point:

▲ When oil is cooled at a specified rate the temperature at which it becomes cloudy or hazy is called

cloud point.

▲ This is due to the separation of crystals of wax or increase of viscosity at low temperature.

▲ It is important for fuel oils which have to pass through unheated filter or fine mesh.

c.h. Pour point:

▲ The temperature at which the oil just ceases to flow or pour is called as pour point.

▲ It determines the temperature below which oil cannot be used as a lubricant.

▲ Freezing point is the temperature at which the oil freezes completely and cannot flow at all. This

is important in case of aviation gasoline where it encounters low temperatures at high altitudes.

c.i. Smoke point:

CH 3204 Energy Management in Chemical Industries / Unit-I Compiled by: R.Arul Kamalakumar Page | 2

▲ Cheap considering the cost

10. State the principle of energy conservation.

▲ Energy is scarce commodity and expensive resource.

▲ Energy conservation is not cutting down the energy consumption

▲ It is cutting down the misuse or wastage of energy

▲ The order of action in energy conservation is efficiency first, products second and sales third

▲ Revenue expansion based on efficient operation results in operational losses

▲ Expenditure on energy plays vital role revenue generation and expenditure

11. Write a note on various forms of energy with example.

▲ Solid fuels: ex. wood, wood charcoal, peat, bituminous, anthracite, petroleum pitch

▲ Liquid fuel: ex. All liquid petroleum fractions, bio diesel, gasohol

▲ Gaseous fuels: ex. LPG, refinery gas, methane, producer gas

12. State the advantages of fossil fuels

▲ Easily available natural source

▲ Most convenient for using

▲ Convenient for conversion into secondary energy sources

▲ Has more energy density

13. Explain in detail about any three fossil fuels as energy sources.

(Refer coal, petroleum, natural gas)-

14. Explain the need for conservation. Give example.

▲ Energy demand increases daily, but supply is limited

▲ Increase in cost of energy affects the individuals, social and national life. Ex. Raise in cost of electricity,

fuel overall cost of all essential commodities increases. This puts strain on individual, society and nation

▲ Catering the demand for fuel is met by import which depletes the foreign currency depletion.

▲ Increase in price index results in inflation, value of money decreases

▲ Increasing demand depletes the supply resulting in energy crisis

▲ Large fossil power plants results in emission of green house gases resulting in global warming

▲ Global warming results in change in climatic pattern leading to unseasonal rain, flood, drought reduces the

food production

▲ Ecological disaster leads to results in health hazards, extinction of fragile ecological balance

▲ Acid rain results in health hazards, property damage depletion of fertility of soil

▲ Nature has abundant renewable energy sources but technology for conversion to convenient energy is in

early stage

15. Explain the depletion of natural resources.

▲ Unmindful exploitation of fossil fuel results in depletion of natural resources

▲ Excess use of fuel resulting in global warming

▲ Deforestation for expanding cities and cutting down trees for domestic and industrial purpose results in

reduction in forest which affects the rain

▲ This leads to scarce supply of water due to reduction in rain and lowering of water table

▲ In other side due to green house gases global warming occurs results in melting of polar ice caps leads to

unexpected climatic changes

▲ This seasonal variation leads to unseasonal rain or draught that might leads to economic disaster and

surface soil get affected and fertility of soil decreases

▲ Usage of excessive chemical based fertilizer reduces the soil wealth leading to reduction in productivity

▲ Unmindful development and mismanagement of natural wealth results in ecological imbalance and

extinction of species of plants and animals

16. Discuss in detail the current energy scenario and its forecast for the future demand.

World Primary Energy Consumption Share of Various Sources for Primary Energy

Rank Country % share

1 USA 25.

2 Russia 15.

3 China 11.

4 India 8.

▲ Fossil Fuel Reserves

• Coal - 1 trillion ton (as on 2003)

• Oil - 0.2 trillion m^3 (in 2003) Saudi Arabia - the largest share of 23%

• Gas - 176 trillion m 3 (2003) ~ 0.16 trillion ton Russia has the largest share of 27%

▲ World reserve as on 2003

As on 2003 Global Reserves (trillion ton)

India's Reserves (% of global) Coal 0.5 10%

CH 3204 Energy Management in Chemical Industries / Unit-I Compiled by: R.Arul Kamalakumar Page | 4

Oil 0.18 0.41% Gas 0.15 0.61%

Total Fossil fuels 0.83 7.4%

▲ Proven Reserve expected to last for

Coal 122 years

Oil 42 years

Gas 60 years

▲ Coal reserve by region

▲ Theoretical energy potential of the world

▲ Renewable energy potential

▲ Crude oil reserve of the world

▲ World primary energy consumption

17. Energy conservation objectives

▲ To reduce import to save foreign exchange

▲ Improve exports of manufactured goods or energy or both

▲ To reduce environmental pollution

▲ Reducing the cost that pollution incur in property, nature, human life and environment

▲ Generally to relieve shortage and improve development

18. Measures of energy conservation

▲ Short term measures

I. Meeting operational improvement requiring nil or negligible capital investment

II. Improved fuel storage, handling, proper insulation, housekeeping, scheduling process equipments

III. Minimizing radiation losses and improved load factor

This results to 5 to 10%, the objective is operational improvement and nil investment

▲ Medium term measures

I. Waste heat recovery devices, modification and design of equipment, moderate capital investments

II. Improved instrumentation for better control energy

III. Change of grate design, firing systems, incorporation of condensate recovery system

IV. Power factor improvement and optimization

This results in 15 to 20% savings involves moderate investment

▲ Long term measures

I. Fuel substitution, modernization of equipments, process as well as utilities and capital intensive

heat recovery device with payback period of 5 to 6 years

II. Replacement of inefficient boilers, equipments, substitution of fuel oil to coal, thermic fluid

heaters

III. Modernization of inefficient drives, standardization, using correct size/rated motors, optimization

This could result in 20 to 25% saving involves considerable investment The overall saving through all measures is 25 to 30%

CH 3204 Energy Management in Chemical Industries / Unit-I Compiled by: R.Arul Kamalakumar Page |

Energy Sources and Composition: Fossil Fuels, Coal, Petroleum, and Their Significance, Study notes of Engineering Chemistry

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Download Energy Sources and Composition: Fossil Fuels, Coal, Petroleum, and Their Significance and more Study notes Engineering Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

CH 1304-Energy Management in Chemical Industries / UNIT I

1. What are the energy resources available?

✳ Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass,

✳ Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are obtained from conversion of primary energy sources

✳ Commercial energy: the sources that is available in the market for a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil,

✳ Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes, etc.

• Renewable : Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

• Non-renewable: solar, wind, geothermal, ocean, nuclear, bio gas etc.

2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of renewable energy?

• It will lost long

• Natural sources

• Clean fuel i.e. environmental friendly

• Low energy density except nuclear

• Cost involved is more

• Unreliable considering continuous and perennial supply

3. List any four green house gases.

4. Composition of various types of coal (Ultimate analysis)

5. Significance of the constituents of coal:

a. Moisture:

▲ Reduces the calorific value of fuel

▲ Increases the consumption of coal

▲ Heating time increases

b. Volatile matter:

▲ Ignites easily

▲ Burns with long smoky yellow flame

▲ Lower calorific value

▲ Increases the quality of coke oven gas

c. Ash:

▲ Makes coal harder and stronger

▲ Lower calorific value

▲ Produces more slag

c.a. Carbon:

▲ Calorific value increases

▲ Increases with the ranking of the coal

▲ Fuel quality increases

d. Hydrogen:

▲ Increases calorific value

e. Nitrogen:

▲ Inert nitrogen reduces the calorific value

▲ Nitrogen is useful for carbonization industries

f. Sulfur:

▲ Sulfur increases the calorific value

▲ But combustion products SO 2 , SO 3 causes damage to equipment when combines with the moisture

g. Oxygen:

▲ Reduces the calorific value

▲ Oxygen content increases the moisture holding capacity

6. Composition of various products from distillation of Petroleum:

7. Significance of the constituents of Petroleum products:

c.b. Specific gravity:

▲ Determines the maximum power per unit weight/volume.

▲ Hydrocarbons with low specific gravity (paraffin) posses the maximum thermal energy per unit

▲ Hydrocarbons with high specific gravity (aromatic) posses the maximum thermal energy per unit

c.c. Vapor pressure:

▲ With decrease in atmospheric pressure especially at higher altitudes the liquid fuel (gasoline)

▲ If vapor pressure is too low starting of engine and lubricating oil dilution becomes difficult.

▲ If vapor pressure is high, vapors occurs in fuel tanks and pipelines causing pumping and metering

c.d. Viscosity:

c.e. Flash point:

▲ It is the minimum temperature at which an oil gives out sufficient vapor to form an inflammable

▲ It gives an idea about nature of boiling point, amount of low boiling fraction present in the fuel,

c.f. Fire point:

▲ It is the lowest temperature at which vapors given off by oil catches fire and continue to burn at

▲ It gives an idea of fire hazards during the storage and handling of the fuel.

▲ Although it is normal to determine both flash and fire points, the flash point itself sufficient to

c.g. Cloud point:

▲ When oil is cooled at a specified rate the temperature at which it becomes cloudy or hazy is called

▲ This is due to the separation of crystals of wax or increase of viscosity at low temperature.

▲ It is important for fuel oils which have to pass through unheated filter or fine mesh.

c.h. Pour point:

▲ The temperature at which the oil just ceases to flow or pour is called as pour point.

▲ It determines the temperature below which oil cannot be used as a lubricant.

▲ Freezing point is the temperature at which the oil freezes completely and cannot flow at all. This

c.i. Smoke point:

CH 3204 Energy Management in Chemical Industries / Unit-I Compiled by: R.Arul Kamalakumar Page | 2

▲ Cheap considering the cost

10. State the principle of energy conservation.