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The Rise of Modern Environmentalism: Lecture Notes, Study notes of Environmental science

Environmental science

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals with the interactions of the physical, chemical and biological forms of the earth.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/20/2022

cypher-maison
cypher-maison 🇵🇭

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E-ENVI-SCI((FEBRUARY(12,(2022(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((PRELIM(2nd(((Lecture(Material((
THE$RISE$OF$MODERN$ENVIRONMENTALISM!
By!the!end!of!this!session,!you!will:!
• Be! aware! of! the! emergence! of! modern!
environmentalism!
• Understand!the!concepts!of!the!influential!thinkers!
on!modern!environmentalism!
• Be! able! to! explain! the! six! positions! of! human!
welfare!ecologists!
!!
Environmentalism!
• An!awareness!of!the!social!world!as!circumscribed!
by!enmeshed!in,!a!physical!and!biological!world!
• 18th$Century$ -!a! self-conscious+ ethical+ movement+
emerged! against! a! background! of! a! certain!
intellectual,!social!and!economic!developments.!
• 19th$Century$ –! Conservation+ schemes+ typically!
aimed! at! preserving! the! environmental! goods! of!
the!socially!privileged.!
• 1960s!–!Modern! environmentalism/conservation+
movements+emerged!!
!!
Thomas$Robert$Malthus$(1788-1834)!
• Anglican! priest,! economist! and! a! population!
theorist!
• Argued! that! the! progressives! had! overlooked! the!
biological! and! physical! constraints! the! world!
imposes!to!human!social!life.!!
• Idea!of!strict!ecological!limits!to!material!progress!
is! fundamental! to! the! modern! environmental!
movement.!
!!
Charles$Darwin$(1809$–$1882)!
• !Naturalist!and!country’s!gentleman!
• !Inspired!by!Malthus!
• !Natural!Selection!
• !“Survival!of!the!fittest”!
• !Foundation! of! both! modern! ecology! and!
evolutionary!theory!–!indeed!of!modern!ecology.!
!!
Peter$Kropotkin$(1842$–$1921)!
• Naturalist,!anarchist!and!Russian!Prince!
• !Recognition! of! the! ecological! dimension! to!
evolution.!
• !Cooperation!(e.g.,!co-operative! activity! or!mutual!
aid)!was!just!a!natural!as!competition.!
• !Motivations! in! human! society:! the! urge! to!
dominate!and!the!urge!to!cooperate!
• !framework!of!“Green”!movements!
!!
Positions$of$Human$Welfare$Ecologists!
• The$Population$Theory!
• Directly! traceable! to! Malthus,! proponents! are!
called!Neo-Malthusians!
• Various!ecological!problems!are!brought!about!by!
the!striking!increase!in!human!numbers!
• The! problem! can! only! be! solved! if! (i)! the!
population! growth! rate! ceases! to! grow,! and! (ii)!
population!numbers!are!stabilized!or!perhaps!even!
reduced!
!
!!
II.$The$Affluence$Theory!
• Directly!traceable!to!Murray!Bookchin,!proponents!
are!called!Social!Ecologists!
• Diverse! environmental! problems! are! brought!
about!by! social! factors! and! processes! rather!than!
sheer! population! numbers! (e.g.,! affluent! nations!
are!great!contributors!of!eco-problems)!
• Prognosis:! environmental! survival! is! not! good!
unless!affluent!nations!will!live!a!simpler!lifestyle.!
!!
III.$The$Technology$Theory!
• The!crucial!factor!in!environmental!degradation!is!
the! introduction! of! new! technologies!of! resource!
exploitation!and!production!
• Argued!to!explain!resource!depletion!and!pollution!
• Environmental! survival! is! not! good! unless! we!
return! to! less!wasteful! and! less! energy! intensive!
technology!
!!
IV.$The$Capitalism$Theory!
• a!refinement!of!the!technology!theory!attractive!to!
left!environmentalists!
• environmentally! damaging! new! technologies! are!
introduced!because!they!are!more!profitable!than!
environmentally!sounder!alternatives!
• solution:! develop! a! new! form! of! social! and!
individual! life! which! generates! a! new,! green,!
economics!
!!
V.$The$Growth$Theory!
• Critical!refinement!of!all!preceding!theories!
• Environmental!degradation!results!primarily!from!
exponential! or! geometrical! growth! in! population,!
food! production,! industrialization,! pollution! and!
consumption!of!non-renewable!resources!
!!
VI.$The$Ethical$Theory!
• Stresses! the! crucial! importance! of! ideas! in!
structuring! our! relationship! with! the! natural!
environment!
• The!roots!of!the! environmental!damage,! lie!in!our!
exploitative! attitudes! towards! the! natural! world!
which!reflect!the!anthropocentric!character!of!our!
ethical!ideas.!
!!
!

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Download The Rise of Modern Environmentalism: Lecture Notes and more Study notes Environmental science in PDF only on Docsity!

E-ENVI-SCI FEBRUARY 12 , 2022 PRELIM 2 nd^ Lecture Material THE RISE OF MODERN ENVIRONMENTALISM By the end of this session, you will:

  • Be aware of the emergence of modern environmentalism
  • Understand the concepts of the influential thinkers on modern environmentalism
  • Be able to explain the six positions of human welfare ecologists Environmentalism
  • An awareness of the social world as circumscribed by enmeshed in, a physical and biological world
  • 18 th^ Century - a self-conscious ethical movement emerged against a background of a certain intellectual, social and economic developments.
  • 19 th^ Century – Conservation schemes typically aimed at preserving the environmental goods of the socially privileged.
  • 1960s – Modern environmentalism/conservation movements emerged Thomas Robert Malthus (1788-1834)
  • Anglican priest, economist and a population theorist
  • Argued that the progressives had overlooked the biological and physical constraints the world imposes to human social life.
  • Idea of strict ecological limits to material progress is fundamental to the modern environmental movement. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
  • Naturalist and country’s gentleman
  • Inspired by Malthus
  • Natural Selection
  • “Survival of the fittest”
  • Foundation of both modern ecology and evolutionary theory – indeed of modern ecology. Peter Kropotkin (1842 – 1921)
  • Naturalist, anarchist and Russian Prince
  • Recognition of the ecological dimension to evolution.
  • Cooperation (e.g., co-operative activity or mutual aid) was just a natural as competition.
  • Motivations^ in^ human^ society:^ the^ urge^ to dominate and the urge to cooperate
  • framework of “Green” movements Positions of Human Welfare Ecologists
  • The Population Theory
  • Directly^ traceable^ to^ Malthus,^ proponents^ are called Neo-Malthusians
  • Various ecological problems are brought about by the striking increase in human numbers
  • The problem can only be solved if (i) the population growth rate ceases to grow, and (ii) population numbers are stabilized or perhaps even reduced II. The Affluence Theory - Directly traceable to Murray Bookchin, proponents are called Social Ecologists - Diverse^ environmental^ problems^ are^ brought about by social factors and processes rather than sheer population numbers (e.g., affluent nations are great contributors of eco-problems) - Prognosis: environmental survival is not good unless affluent nations will live a simpler lifestyle. III. The Technology Theory - The crucial factor in environmental degradation is the introduction of new technologies of resource exploitation and production - Argued to explain resource depletion and pollution - Environmental survival is not good unless we return to less wasteful and less energy intensive technology IV. The Capitalism Theory - a refinement of the technology theory attractive to left environmentalists - environmentally damaging new technologies are introduced because they are more profitable than environmentally sounder alternatives - solution: develop a new form of social and individual life which generates a new, green, economics V. The Growth Theory - Critical refinement of all preceding theories - Environmental degradation results primarily from exponential or geometrical growth in population, food production, industrialization, pollution and consumption of non-renewable resources VI. The Ethical Theory - Stresses the crucial importance of ideas in structuring our relationship with the natural environment - The roots of the environmental damage, lie in our exploitative attitudes towards the natural world which reflect the anthropocentric character of our ethical ideas.