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EPPP Practice Exam Questions
J. Berry acculturation, integration - J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture. Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women - Lenore Walker describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability. behavioral contrast effect - If we are reinforced for performing two different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable. doctrine of comparable worth - States that workers (in particular, men and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation) M. Seligman theory of learned optimism - In Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky would imply that success is a matter of luck. Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder -
The symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.) Group polarization - A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone. Solomon's four group design - a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not. MANOVA - A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale. factorial ANOVA - A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale. Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been effective for any students. One-Way ANOVA -
Gender Identity Disorder - strong and persistent cross-gender identification with evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. cognitive dissonance - The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or her cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor client paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this client, more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or she is benefitting from therapy. Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression - Research has found that depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of REM sleep. The research also suggests that individuals with no prior history of depression but who have rapid REM onset have an increased risk of developing depression (e.g., D. Giles, D. Kupfer, A. Rush, & H. Roffwarg, Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families of probands with unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998, 155(2), 192-199). blocking - Blocking occurs when a CS is presented simultaneously with a second stimulus just before the US. Although it would seem that the second stimulus should acquire the properties of a CS from this procedure, that's not what happens. Instead, the second stimulus does not produce a conditioned response. Alderian - For Adlerians, a desire to belong is a primary motivator of behavior, but this desire may be channeled into the mistaken goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or revenge., Feelings of inferiority contribute to problems in children and adults Teological approach-behavior is shaped by future goals (NOT the past) Innate social interest motivates people, ways to fulfill social responsibility Key Concepts: Inferiority feelings
Striving for superiority Style of Life Social Interest Inferiority feeling develop during childhood while striving for superiority. Ways a person tries to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority determines one's style of life Personality is determined by age 46 Three major life tasks could be: o Love o Friendship o Occupation focus on prevention central limit theorem - the shape of a sampling distribution of means approaches normality as sample size increases extinction - elimination or reduction in the frequency of a response achieved by the removal of the reinforcement maintaining the response. The extinction of temper tantrums would entail ignoring the child's behavior or not reinforcing it with attention. This technique has been found to be effective for reducing temper tantrums. thinning - Continuous schedules, or reinforcing every response, are associated with quick learning, satiation and extinction. The process of thinning, or switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, is used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established. Minuchin's family therpary - Salvador Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries.
the MANOVA when all the dependent variables are measured on a ratio or interval scale. This also helps to control the experiment-wise error rate. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model - -microsystem: immediate environment, face-to-face rx (rx w/ parents, siblings, school, neighbors, etc) -mesosystem: interactions btwn components of microsystem (influence of family on bx at school) -exosystem: broader environ that affects child's environ (parents' workplace, school board, community, media) -macrosystem: overarching environ influences (cultural beliefs/practice, econ conditions, political ideologies) -chronosystem: environ events over lifetime that impact them (immediate and LT effects of change in family structure/ SES) Item characteristic curve - curve developed in Item Response Theory to represent the probability of getting an item correct based on test-taker characteristics; the slope of the curve is representative of how well the item differentiates/discriminates test-takers on the measured characteristic; position of the curve (left vs right) is representative of the item difficulty, and the Y-intercept is the probability of answering the item correctly just by guessing (answer A). self-verification theory - a theory that people want others to perceive them as they perceive themselves, regardless of whether they see themselves in a positive or negative light; holds that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give them a sense of coherence. item response theory - a mathematical approach to choosing test items in which the probability of a positive response to an item is determined by the person's estimated position on the underlying trait being measured, as well as by characteristics of the item -theoretical basis of computer adaptive assessment, in which tests tailored to the examinee's ability level are computer generated Overall, more reliable estimate of ability is obtained using shorter test with fewer items
- you need a bank of items that have been systematically evaluated for level of difficulty
-invariance of item parameters, holds that the characteristics of items should be the same for all theoretically equivalent groups of subjects chosen from the same population. Thus, any culture-free test should demonstrate such invariance; i.e., a set of items shouldn't have a different set of characteristics for minority and non-minority subgroups. For this reason, item response theory has been applied to the development of culture-free tests -research supports the notion that the assumptions of item response theory only hold true for very large samples
dexedrine - an isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant, used in treatment of ADHD dolophine - used in treatment of heroin addiction depakote - mood stabilizer, used in treatment of biploar disorder tegretol - Mood Stabilizer, treatment of bipolar disorder relationship of fluid and crystallized intelligence - Cattell and Horn distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence. The former is independent of specific instruction and is relatively culture free, while the latter depends on exposure to education and is affected by cultural experiences. Cattell and Horn believed that these two aspects of intelligence are highly correlated and that crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. treatment of borderline personality disorder - psychological and biological treatment methods; antidepressants (SSRI) and mood stabilizing medications; dialectal behavior therapy: (cognitive and behavioral therapy) goal is to accept negative affect without engaging in self-destructive behaviors, problem-focused treatment, combines individual and group components Marsha Linehan (1993) has been achieving success with borderline patients with her use of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) which involves a combination of groups skills training and
Post-conventional- unction according to our own conscience, no matter what the conventional wisdom is. Huntington's Disease - Huntington's Disease is believed to begin when cells within the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia begin to be destroyed. The striatum is responsible for producing GABA, which regulates the levels of dopamine in the brain through an inhibitory process. The death of the striatum cells causes decreased amounts of GABA which leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs, and face). Conduction aphasia - Difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects are characteristic of all three disorders.
- due to damage to the nerve fibers that connect Broca's to Wernicke's area and the most typical result is difficulty repeating what one has heard. Broca's aphasia - Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty expressing language, including difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects Wernicke's aphasia - receptive aphasia, primarily affects comprehension which results in impairment in spoken and written language, and anomia or problems recalling words. also difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects Vroom and Yetton's normative model - decision-making tool (tree) to help leaders determine how much involvement they should seek when making decisions. The model starts by having leaders answer several key questions and working their way through a funnel based on their responses. F sccale, MMPI - Checks on response style, the F scale indicates if the person is answering in a deviant way, or is perhaps actually deviant. The higher the F, the more the answers suggest that the person is attempting to appear odd, disturbed, etc.
expectancy theory - Expectancy theory predicts that motivation is related to three phenomena: Expectancy - beliefs about the relationship between effort and performance; Instrumentality - beliefs about the relationship between performance and outcomes; and Valence - the desirability of those outcomes. incremental validity - The increase in decision-making accuracy resulting from the use of a particular predictor. Three factors influence the incremental validity of a test: 1) the base rate, or the percentage of correct hiring decisions made when the test is not used; 2) the test's validity coefficient; and 3) the selection ratio, or the ratio of job openings to total applicants (for instance, if 100 people are applying for 5 positions, the selection ratio is low 5/100, or .05; if 10 people apply for 5 positions the selection ratio is high 5/10 or .50). Incremental validity is greatest when the base rate is moderate, the validity coefficient is high, and the selection ratio is low. The Taylor-Russell tables can be used to determine a test's incremental validity, given specific values for the base rate, validity coefficient, and selection ratio. Male erectile disorder - persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - iagnosed when a person has persistently deficient or absent sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Sexual Aversion Disorder - extreme aversion to, or avoidance of, all genital contact with a sexual partner Sexual Dysfunction NOS (D) - reserved for sexual dysfunctions that do not meet the criteria for any specific sexual dysfunction. Severe prenatal malnutrition - Severe prenatal malnutrition is likely to have differential effects, depending on when in pregnancy it occurs. In the first trimester, it can result in congenital malformations and spontaneous abortion. In the third trimester (as well as in the first 3-6 months after birth), it is most likely to have a negative effect on the central nervous system -- specifically, the brain. Studies have suggested that these children often have an abnormally low number of brain cells and brain weight. The specific
are no psychotic features. During a Hypomanic Episode many individuals exhibit increased productivity, efficiency, and creativity. Beck's cognitive therapy - A type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for her beliefs in order to see the errors in her thinking ("collaborative empiricism"). -also emphasizes relatpse prevention, structure and goal-oriented Delusion of reference - person believes that objects or events in the immediate environment have an unusual and particular significance to him or her. In a , the this is not the case here. persecutory delusion - person feels that he or she is being mistreated in some way or conspired against; Systematized delusions - organized around a coherent theme Lazarus' theory (emotion theory) - Lazarus' theory proposes that a thought (cognitive appraisal) must precede any emotion or physiological arousal. Cannon-Bard (emotion theory) - Cannon-Bard (a.) states physiological and emotional arousal are experienced at the same time. -theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously psyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion James-Lange - an event causes physiological arousal first, then interpretation and finally the experience of emotion Schachter-Singer -
an event causes physiological arousal first, then reasoning and finally the experience of emotion Facial feedback - changes in facial muscles cue the brain and provide the basis of emotion. organizational process consultant - process consultant, rather than merely correcting problems for his or her client, focuses on an organization's underlying processes, with the goal of making changes in processes so that individuals within the organization can solve their own problems. Thus, choice D is the best answer, as it is the only one which offers a way in which the nurses and administrators can work together to solve the problem of dissatisfaction with work conditions. By comparison, choices A and B would have the consultant diagnose and "fix" the problem; these interventions would be consistent with the medical rather than the process model of consultation. absence seizures - Absence or Petit Mal Seizures are very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Absence seizures usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that absence seizures originate in the thalamus (the central relay station for sensory information going to the cortex). complex partial seizure disorder - formerly known as temporal lobe epilepsy, originates in the temporal lobe brain basis of Parkinson's disease - basal ganglia severity error - occurs with raters who are unusually harsh in their ratings Another term for the strictness bias or error is severity error. This rater bias refers to the tendency of raters to rate all ratees using the low end of the rating scale. Central tendency bias - A rater rating all individuals using the middle range of a rating scale is exhibiting the central tendency bias
high context communication - relies on body language, nonverbal cues, reference to environmental objects, and culturally relevant phraseology to communicate an idea. is indirect and seems to take forever to reach a conclusion. low context communication - communication style that uses few environmental or cultural idioms to convey an idea or concept. Ideas are spelled out explicitly. introjection - (gestalt) acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without analyzing, assimilating and internalizing them -absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors -represents a disturbance in the boundary between self and others -- the person does or believes things that are not reflective of a self that is clearly distinct from others in the environment. , The best initial strategy for teaching complex motor skills that require speed and accuracy to be successfully performed is to - emphasize speed over accuracy the recurrence of hallucinations long after intoxication is most likely to result from the use of - Mescaline Hallucinations, especially after discontinued use ("flashbacks") are most likely the result of a true hallucinogen. Of the drugs listed, only mescaline is clearly classified as a hallucinogen. PCP (phencyclidine) is sometimes classified as a hallucinogen; other times it's considered a stimulant or pain killer, and it is less likely to cause flashbacks. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder - term in DSM-IV-TR -individual with this disorder has not used drug recently, but has re-experienced 1+ of perceptual symptoms or "flashbacks" experienced while intoxicated, such as geometric hallucinations, intensified colors, etc. -few cases reported reexperiencing of hallucinations following cessation of use of a hallucinogen.
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder - can be caused by intoxication or withdrawal from many different substances but the symptoms must occur within a month of intoxication or withdrawal and the person must not have insight that the hallucinations (or delusions) are substance induced. Consuming foods containing tyramine while taking a MAOI would most likely result int - Eating foods containing tyramine while taking MAOIs is likely to cause a hypertensive crisis, that is, a severe rise in blood pressure. The person may also experience headache, diaphoresis (perspiration), and palpitations. On rare occasions the combination has caused cardiac failure and cerebral hemorrhage. Some of the foods that must be avoided while taking MAOIs include: beer and wine, aged cheese, beef or chicken liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, and yeast vitamin supplements. MAOI - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drug effective for depression; any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate self-directed work teams - Self-directed work teams are self-directed; i.e., they determine their own goals, plan their own work processes, and may even hire their own replacements. A distinguishing characteristic of self-directed work teams is that members are generalists (versus specialists), and each member has (or learns) a broad range of skills. A possible downside of self-directed work teams is that they are associated with higher absenteeism than more traditional work groups. Guilford theory of intelligence - J.P. Guilford identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or "thinking out of the box." Galton theory of intelligence - Galton (a.) postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population.
The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth. Subsequent development is due primarily to - myelination of existin neurons; Nearly all of the neurons are present at birth, and continued development of the brain following birth is due primarily to an increased number of dendrites and myelination of the existing neurons. The symptoms of OCD can be alleviated through CB treatments and medication interventions that reduce activity in the - caudate nucleaus The caudate nucleus appears to be overactive in people diagnosed with OCD. L.R. Baxter (1992) reports that both behavioral interventions and drug therapy affect metabolic rate in the caudate nucleus. reticular activating system - is involved in attention and arousal inferior colliculus - controls auditory reflexes locus coeruleus - may be associated with Depression and Panic Disorder. three components of long-term memory - Long-term memory has been divided into three components: semantic memory, procedural memory, and episodic memory. Semantic memory - memory for the rules of logic and inference, as well as knowledge about language (e.g., what words mean and how they are used) Procedural memory - information about how to do things, such as how to drive a car Episodic memory -
contains information about events that have been personally experienced shared variability (in factor loading) - A method for interpreting the correlation between two different variables; calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient. For example, if the correlation between a predictor and critierion is .30, the variability shared between the variables is .09 (9%). (Or, put another way, 9% of variability in criterion scores is explained by variability in the predictor.) AIDS dementia complex - cognitive impairment associated with HIV. -occurs in about 2/3 of all AIDS patients. Usually, one of the first cognitive signs of dementia (both in AIDS and non-AIDS patients) is a loss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. signs of dementia - loss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. A therapist using Beck's cognitive approach to therapy would rely primarily on which michroskill to induce desirable changes in a depressed client - Questioning - a very important strategy in Beck's cognitive therapy and, in fact, the majority of communications by the therapist take the form of questions designed to help the client consider particular issues, options, and so on. Structural equation modeling - A multivariate technique used to evaluate the causal (predictive) influences or test causal hypotheses about the relationships among a set of factors -identify the underlying (latent) factors that relate to a set of measured variables and the nature of thecausal relationships between those factors Cluster analysis - used to identify homogeneous subgroups in a heterogeneous collection of observations Q-technique factor analysis - determines how many types of people a sample of people represents
