Evolution Study Guide: Natural Selection and Evidence, Study notes of Evolutionary biology

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MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS

• All organisms come from a common ancestor.

o The DNA of species changes slowly over time in

response to environmental factors.

o Fossils and organism similarities offer proof of this

theory of evolution.

o Classification is used to organize the vast number of

species in existence as a result of evolution.

CRITICAL VOCABULARY

1. evolution
2. natural selection
3. overproduction
4. variation
5. competition
6. adaptive value
7. survival of the fittest
   8. geologic time
   9. species
   10. fossil record
   11. mutation
   12. adaptation
   13. antibiotic resistance
   14. organism similarities
   15. homologous structures
   16. vestigial structures
   17. classification
   18. biological key
   19. genus
   20. species
   21. scientific name

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ACTIVITY A: LIGHT TREES

Introduction: Before the 19th^ century in England, the air was very clean. The bark on trees was usually light in color. Abundant lichens growing on tree trunks also lightened their appearance.

Question: How does the color of a peppered moth affect survival?

1. Predict: Over time, what will to happen to the populations of light and dark moths on light trees?
2. Experiment: Click Start and hunt peppered moths on light tree trunks for five years. In each year, try to capture as many moths as you can. (Hint: Use the spacebar on your keyboard to advance to the next tree.) After 5 years, select the TABLE tab and record the percentages of each moth type that are alive at the end of each year.
3. Analyze: What do your results show?
4. Apply: Which type of moth do you think was more common before the 19th^ century, when most trees were light in color?

ACTIVITY B: DARK TREES

Introduction: The 19th^ century was the time of the Industrial Revolution in England. Most of the new industries used coal for energy, and the air was polluted with black soot. In forests near factories, the soot coated trees and killed lichens. As a result, tree trunks became darker.

Question: How did air pollution affect moth populations?

1. Predict: Over time, what will to happen to the populations of light and dark moths on dark trees?
2. Experiment: Click Start and hunt peppered moths on dark tree trunks for five years. In each year, try to capture as many moths as you can. (Hint: You can use the spacebar on your keyboard to advance to the next tree.)

Year Dark moths at end of year Light moths at end of year

0 1 2 3 4 5

When you are done, select the TABLE tab and record the percentages of each moth type. Year Dark moths Light moths 0 1 2 3 4 5

3. Analyze: What do your results show?
4. Apply: Which type of moth do you think was more common during the 19th^ century? Why?
5. Draw conclusions: Natural selection is the process by which favorable traits tend to increase in frequency over time.  In this experiment, what was the natural force that selected the most favorable moths to survive?

 Why are some moths light and some dark? Use the word DNA in your answer.

6. Think and discuss: Circle the choice that best describes how the moth population changed:

a) individual moths changing colors before dying b) all moths deciding to get new traits c) best-hidden moths surviving and passing on their colors to their offspring

Explain your answer choice in the space below.

QUESTION 2: HOW DO THESE SMALL CHANGES SHOWN BY FOSSIL

EVIDENCE COME ABOUT…WHY DOES EVOLUTION HAPPEN?

THEORY 2: CHARLES DARWIN BELIEVED THAT EVOLUTION

OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE BASIC PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION.

LET’S EXPLORE HOW NATURAL SELECTION WORKS.

1. Living organisms overproduce: ________________________________________________________________

Other examples:

Spiders Turtles

2. There is Variation among the offspring: ___________________________________________________________

a. This variation is caused by: i. Mutations:

1. Mutations will only affect evolution if they are in the ______________cells (____________________).

ii. Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis creating gametes that are all different)

3. There are not enough resources for all of these overproduced offspring (finite resources), so the organisms begin to compete in a struggle for survival.

a. Each organism will need to find:

ii. ______________________

iii. ______________________

iv. ______________________

4. Some organisms will have traits that help them to compete better than others. These traits are called

__________________________________________________.

1. Some examples of adaptations include: a.

b.

c.

5. ____________________________________________________--> Those organisms that are best adapted to a particular environment will be able to survive long enough to ______________________. a. This assures that positive traits (_____________________) are passed on to future generation and the species evolves over time. This evolution occurs with small changes over time…little bit by little bit.

NATURAL SELECTION = THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTING THE MOST ADAPTED ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE.

NATURAL SELECTION OPENER/CLOSER REVIEW

1. Certain insects resemble the bark of the trees on which they live. Which statement provides a possible biological explanation for this resemblance? 1. The insects needed camouflage so they developed protective coloration. 2. Natural selection played a role in the development of this protective coloration. 3. The lack of mutations resulted in the protective coloration. 4. The trees caused mutations in the insects that resulted in protective coloration.
2. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the possible effects of damage to the ozone layer.

Damage to the ozone layer has resulted in mutations in skin cells that lead to cancer. Will the mutations that caused the skin cancers be passed on to offspring? Support your answer. [1]

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3. A certain species has little genetic variation. The rapid extinction of this species would most likely result from the effect of 1. successful cloning 2. gene manipulation 3. environmental change 4. genetic recombination

NATURAL SELECTION REGENTS QUESTION

SPECIATION

Use the diagram to complete the exercise. The followingstatements involve events that can result in the formation of anew species. Number them from 1-6 in the proper order.

animals are separated into two groups and must nowlive apart environments on either side of the river change withtime animals of the same species living on either

side of a

stream can move from one side to the other the stream changes into a river animals, due to natural selection, undergo change after thousands of years, two different species ofanimals form

QUESTION 4: HOW DO BACTERIA AND OTHER ASEXUALLY REPRODUCING SPECIES EVOLVE?

THEORY 4: DURING ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, ONE ORGANISM UNDERGOES A BENEFICIAL MUTATION AND OVERTIME, THIS TRAIT WILL OUT-COMPETE THE OTHERS GIVING RISE TO A NEW SPECIES.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

QUESTION 5: HOW SHOULD WE SHOW THESE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS?

THEORY 5: EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS RESEMBLE A TREE OR A

BUSH…LETS MAKE THE CONNECTIONS AND CALL THEM CLADOGRAMS.

• How are Evolutionary Relationships similar to a tree or bush.