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Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection, Study notes of Evolutionary biology

Continental Theological SeminaryEvolutionary biology

Gizmo Warm-up. Dog breeds and other varieties of domesticated animals were developed through artificial selection. Over many generations,.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

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Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection
Gizmo Warm-up
Dog breeds and other varieties of domesticated animals were
developed through artificial selection. Over many generations,
breeders selected which animals to mate in order to select for
desired traits. The Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection
Gizmo allows you to try your hand at breeding insects with a
variety of colors. To begin, select the Artificial selection option.
1. Drag the 10 insects into the breeding alcoves on the left side of the Gizmo.
A. How many breeding pairs are there? ____________________
B. How many offspring are produced? ____________________
2. Circled insects have mutations, or changes to their DNA. How many of the offspring insects
in this generation have mutations? ____________________
Activity B:
Artificial selection
Get the Gizmo ready:
Select Artificial selection.
Set the mutation rate to 2.0.
Question: How can a species be changed through artificial selection?
1. Set a goal: In this activity, your goal is to develop insects that are any color you would
like.
What color do you want your insects to be? ______________________________________
2. Make a plan: Follow the directions in the Gizmo to produce five generations of insects.
A. How would you describe the process of artificial selection? ____________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. How will mutations be useful in achieving your goal color? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
C. What strategy will you use to produce insects of your desired color? _____________
___________________________________________________________________
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Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection

Gizmo Warm-up Dog breeds and other varieties of domesticated animals were developed through artificial selection. Over many generations, breeders selected which animals to mate in order to select for desired traits. The Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection Gizmo allows you to try your hand at breeding insects with a variety of colors. To begin, select the Artificial selection option.

  1. Drag the 10 insects into the breeding alcoves on the left side of the Gizmo.

A. How many breeding pairs are there? ____________________

B. How many offspring are produced? ____________________

  1. Circled insects have mutations , or changes to their DNA. How many of the offspring insects

in this generation have mutations? ____________________

Activity B:

Artificial selection

Get the Gizmo ready:  Select Artificial selection.  Set the mutation rate to 2.0.

Question: How can a species be changed through artificial selection?

  1. Set a goal: In this activity, your goal is to develop insects that are any color you would like.

What color do you want your insects to be? ______________________________________

  1. Make a plan: Follow the directions in the Gizmo to produce five generations of insects.

A. How would you describe the process of artificial selection? ____________________

B. How will mutations be useful in achieving your goal color? _____________________

C. What strategy will you use to produce insects of your desired color? _____________

  1. Run Gizmo: Use the Gizmo to produce insects that match your goal color. (This will take patience!) When you are satisfied, click the camera ( ) to take a snapshot. Paste the snapshot into a blank document that you will turn in with this worksheet.

How many generations did it take for you to develop your insects? ____________________

  1. Compare: If possible, compare your insects to the insects developed by your

classmates. What different colors of insects can be developed using artificial selection?

  1. Collect data: Use the red , green , and blue sliders to match the Background color as closely as possible to phenotype of the insects. Select Natural selection.

Click Play , and then click Pause when the Average fitness first exceeds 90%. Record the number of generations in the table below, and then repeat for a total of five trials.

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Number of generations to achieve 90% fitness

  1. Calculate: Add up the number of generations and divide by five to find the mean number of generations required to reach at least 90% fitness. Fill in the last column of the table.
  2. Analyze: Which process tends to occur more quickly, natural selection or artificial selection? Why do you think this is so?
  1. Summarize: How are the processes of natural selection and artificial selection similar? How are they different?
  1. Analyze: How does the mutation rate affect the speed at which a population adapts to its

environment? ______________________________________________________________

  1. Think and discuss: You may have noticed that above a certain mutation rate the time required for a population to adapt to its background may increase. Why do you think this is so? If possible, discuss your answer with your classmates and teacher.
  1. Apply: Scientists doing artificial breeding experiments often use radiation or other methods

to increase the mutation rate. Why is a high mutation rate useful? _____________________

  1. Investigate: Use the Gizmo to develop a population of insects that are well adapted to their environment. ( Average fitness is above 90%.) Change the mutation rate to 0.1, and run the simulation. Then, observe the population with a mutation rate of 10.0.

A. What do you notice? __________________________________________________

B. If a population is already well-adapted to its environment, will most mutations be

helpful or harmful? Explain. _____________________________________________