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Exam 1 | PSYCH 306 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH, Quizzes of Developmental Psychology

University of Washington (UW) - Seattle Developmental Psychology

Class: PSYCH 306 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH; Subject: Psychology; University: University of Washington - Seattle; Term: Spring 2015;

Typology: Quizzes

2014/2015

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TERM 1

Age Order...

DEFINITION 1

- Order: prenatal, infant, toddler, pres chooler, early childhood, late

childhood, adolescentprenatal: before birth (anatomical and

physical development)infant: the firs t 12-18 months

(preverbal)Toddler: 18-36 monthsPre school: usually 3-5 (language

appears and flourishes)early childhood : 5-8 (social and cognitive

skills expand, learn to read)late childh ood: 8-11 (complicated

thoughts)adolescent: after 12 (puber ty)

TERM 2

Independent Variable

DEFINITION 2

- the thing that you manipulate and change

TERM 3

Dependent Variable

DEFINITION 3

- what you are measuring

TERM 4

John Watson (1878-1958)

DEFINITION 4

- associated with the field of behavioral psych ology - interested in the ways we

can create human behavior through things lik e conditioning- famous quote about

ability to mold any infant into what he decide s -> can use these principles to

create anything- Little Albert study - paired rat w ith loud noise creating fear ->

found the fear generalized to other white furr y things as well,showing empirical

evidence of classical conditioning in human s. This study was also an example of

stimulus generalization- during the baseline, Albert showed no fear toward any of

the items. then he was given a white rat to play with, he still showed no fear until

the experimenters made a loud sound every time he touched the rat (the

introduction of a loud sound (unconditioned s timulus) resulted in fear

(unconditioned response)a natural response. Secondly, the introduction of a rat

(neutral stimulus) paired with the loud soun d (unconditioned stimulus) eventually

resulted in fear (unconditioned response). Fi nally, the successive introductions of

only a rat (conditioned stimulus) resulted in f ear (conditioned response).

Therefore, learning was demonstrated.)

TERM 5

Albert Bandura

DEFINITION 5

- famous BoBo Doll study - learn from t hose around you, observe

interactions and repeat what we lea rned, argues that aggression

and other violent behaviors can be le arned from other people-he

studied children's behavior after watc hing an adult model act

aggressively towards a Bobo doll. There are different variations of

the experiment. The most notable e xperiment measured the

children's behavior after seeing the m odel get rewarded, get

punished, or experience no consequ ence for beating up the bobo

doll.

Discover Quizzes of Developmental Psychology University of Washington (UW) - Seattle

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Download Exam 1 | PSYCH 306 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Age Order...

Order: prenatal, infant, toddler, preschooler, early childhood, late

childhood, adolescentprenatal: before birth (anatomical and

physical development)infant: the first 12-18 months

(preverbal)Toddler: 18-36 monthsPreschool: usually 3-5 (language

appears and flourishes)early childhood: 5-8 (social and cognitive

skills expand, learn to read)late childhood: 8-11 (complicated

thoughts)adolescent: after 12 (puberty)

TERM 2

Independent Variable

DEFINITION 2

- the thing that you manipulate and change

TERM 3

Dependent Variable

DEFINITION 3

- what you are measuring

TERM 4

John Watson (1878-1958)

DEFINITION 4

associated with the field of behavioral psychology - interested in the ways we can create human behavior through things like conditioning- famous quote about ability to mold any infant into what he decides -> can use these principles to create anything- Little Albert study - paired rat with loud noise creating fear -> found the fear generalized to other white furry things as well,showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization- during the baseline, Albert showed no fear toward any of the items. then he was given a white rat to play with, he still showed no fear until the experimenters made a loud sound every time he touched the rat (the introduction of a loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (unconditioned response)a natural response. Secondly, the introduction of a rat (neutral stimulus) paired with the loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) eventually resulted in fear (unconditioned response). Finally, the successive introductions of only a rat (conditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (conditioned response). Therefore, learning was demonstrated.) TERM 5

Albert Bandura

DEFINITION 5

famous BoBo Doll study - learn from those around you, observe

interactions and repeat what we learned, argues that aggression

and other violent behaviors can be learned from other people-he

studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act

aggressively towards a Bobo doll. There are different variations of

the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the

children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get

punished, or experience no consequence for beating up the bobo

doll.

John Bowlby

- was a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst,

notable for his interest in child development and for his

pioneering work in attachment theory.

TERM 7

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

DEFINITION 7

father of developmental psychology, focused on cognitive and moral

development, took a biological perspective, empiricist (believed all

knowledge is built up by experience) - children have their own way of

thinking about the world they arent just little adults, they grow at

predetermined stages closer to adult thinking- just studied boys because

he believed they are more interesting morally- Barbel Inhelder

contributed greatly to his work as well as his wife- believed that the child

is born with a bundle of built in sensorimotor reflexes. as the infant learns

about the world from experience, these reflexes are modified and

transformed into new schemes

TERM 8

Eleanor Gibson

DEFINITION 8

- perceptual developmental:involves the ways people grow in

their ability to pick up information from the world by using

their senses and by processing sensory information

TERM 9

Lila Gleitman

DEFINITION 9

- language development

TERM 10

Eleanor Maccoby

DEFINITION 10

- social development

Children Study Methods - Experiments

systematic investigation, hypothesis or theory driven, true

experiment includes a control group - Lab Experiment - study

conducted in a research lab, everything is controlled (ideally)

except the critical variable one is interested in. - advantages :

time, cost, experimental control, strong causal conclusions can be

drawn - Field Experiment - study conducted in a natural setting,

many things are controlled for, but not everything can be, and one

main feature is manipulated - advantages: ecological validity -

more natural setting, some experimental control

TERM 17

Prenatal Video - Life's Greatest Miracles

DEFINITION 17

our bodies are programmed to want to make babies - the universal urge to procreate is a fundamental part of life for all animals- sex allows us to be genetically different (otherwise our whole population could be wiped out with one virus), sex -> variety and when it comes to survival of the fittest that is an advantage- each sperm carries a unique genetic package because of Meiosis -> gene shuffling leads to diversity which leads to higher probability of survival of a new generation- The vagina is acidic, the sperm have to make their journey quickly to fertilize the egg, success is really controlled by the womans body - most of the time the cervix is closed shut, tricky to get to the egg- once fertilized, egg has to work hard to survive and grow, moves down fallopian tube as the cells divide becoming an embryo- around 18 weeks you can see the sex of the baby from the ultrasound TERM 18

Infant Cognition

DEFINITION 18

- the capacity of the infants to think, reason, and use

knowledge about the world.- what is cognition? -> all the

mental functions that we preform

TERM 19

Infancy - Sensorimotor

Period

DEFINITION 19

birth to 2 years in total- infants learn to distinguish their own

bodies and actions from external world around them- rely on basic

motor skills - Object concept: the infants understanding of

physical objects - Object permanence: how the infant comes to

think of objects as things that still exist even when they are out of

sight and not being used or acted on. objects continue to exist

over time

TERM 20

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

DEFINITION 20

- birth to 1 month- use of reflexes -> ex) Babinski reflex

which causes toes to curlgrasp reflex, avoidance reflex

(pulling away from things that pose danger)- During this

substage, the child understands the environment purely

through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

- 1-4 months- emergence of primary circular reactions -

chance discoveries that a child does that leads to some sort

of interaction with their body

TERM 22

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

DEFINITION 22

- 4-9 months- Secondary circular reactions - begins to

intentionally repeat actions to illicit a response (instead of

being their body is an exterior thing)

TERM 23

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

DEFINITION 23

9-12 months - coordination of secondary circular reactions /

integrating schemas - understand that certain toys make sounds, make

connections, can apply schemes to new situations - A-not-B error is

made -> cant integrate old schemas with new ones (ex. stapler under

napkin), watch an object being hidden but search for it where they had

found it previously, though studies show that although they reach for the

incorrect spot they are more surprised to actually find it there. Younger

infants may simply be less mature in the brain regions necessary to stop

the practiced action (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

TERM 24

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

DEFINITION 24

- 12-18 months- tertiary circular reactions (in which infants

use schemes intentionally), infant finds new ways of acting

on objects through active experimentation - fails invisibility

displacement (hidden object is moved to a new hiding place

and they cannot keep track of the movement)- begin to be

more sophisticated and strategic

TERM 25

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage - Stage

DEFINITION 25

- 18-24 months - gains "object permanence" - when object

is out of view it is out of mind (maybe why babies love peek-

a-boo)- Liz Spelke and Renee Baillargeon study on coherence

How do infants understand arithmetic -> Mr.

Potato Head Experiment

a barrier is set up and two Mr. Potato heads are put behind it,

found that infants could tell that 1+1=2 and that they should be

two toys behind it (though they cannot keep track if the numbers

are past 4), infants were surprised if one toy was behind the

barrier (because that doesnt make sense), tracking number of

objects - independent variable = the number of potato heads that

were shown (what was manipulated)

TERM 32

Cracker Choice Experiments

DEFINITION 32

about understanding which bucket has more crackers

(relies on the assumption that babies think more is better), study

has to run extremely carefully need to make sure that baby sees

you put the objects into the buckets, avoid behavioral cues (ex.

voices) - Results: looked at % of babies that crawled towards

which bucket, found that 80% of babies crawled toward the bucket

that held more objects

TERM 33

Manual Search Experiments

DEFINITION 33

- used to see if kids understand numbers , takes a box

and puts two objects in there to see how many they try to

take out- this can also be used to test memory - put in 3

very distinct objects but pulls out one that is different - as

adults we would infer that there was something already in

the box

TERM 34

Representations

DEFINITION 34

- Judy Deloache studies how kids get to understand

representations - ex) a picture- Do children understand 2D

vs. 3D representations?- 9 month olds will try to pick an

object out of a book as if it is real

TERM 35

Representations - Children's Use of Models...

DEFINITION 35

children are shown a scale model and something is hidden there,

then they are shown the identical full sized room- at 2.5 years

children struggle a lot with this task, by about 3-3.5 years children

become much better, the more similar the spaces the easier the

task is.- they arent able to see how these two different

representations are related to each other

Representing Size

- kids pay little attention to the size of actual objects -

Scale error experiment: shows a child two rooms, one with

life-size objects and one with miniature objects, children

have a hard time understanding this change

TERM 37

Explicit Cognition

DEFINITION 37

-involves having an awareness of knowledge or of a thought

process, usually in a way that can be described in words,

such as knowing that Paris is the capital of France or etc.

TERM 38

Implicit Cognition

DEFINITION 38

- works outside of awareness and may be difficult to

describe in words - unconscious influences such as

knowledge, perception, or memory, that influence a person's

behavior, even though they themselves have no conscious

awareness whatsoever of those influences.

TERM 39

Scheme

DEFINITION 39

- representation of their internal knowledge of the world,

your conceptualization of something- describes a childs

pattern of interacting with her environment it includes the

childs internal knowledge and interpretations and also

behaviors that arise from them

TERM 40

Adaptation

DEFINITION 40

- the way children fit their schemes together- by which a

child better fits her schemes with new experiences, trying to

find a better fit -> leads to qualitative changes in cognition -

two kinds: assimilation and accomodation

Concrete Operational (6-12)

- children can reason logically about concrete objects and

events- however, they have difficulty thinking with abstract

tees and hypotheticals-the child can apply operators to

concrete information, but fails to apply them to abstract or

hypothetical information (classification, conservation,

seriation, transitive reasoning)

TERM 47

Formal Operational (12+)

DEFINITION 47

children (and adults) can think about abstractions and

hypotheticals - can preform systematic experiments to draw

conclusions about the world- as children get older they become

more sophisticated and come closer to actual cognition- the child

is able to think logically about things that are not immediately

present and can engage in hypothetic-deductive reasoning

(scientific reasoning tasks)

TERM 48

Problems with Piaget...

DEFINITION 48

- inconsistency with timeline- correct answers depend on

the specific type of questions - ex) egocentrism falls apart if

you ask a slightly different question - can he see the turtle if

there is something blocking his view- he underestimates how

early children develop and can do these skills

TERM 49

Domain Specific Knowledge -

"Space"

DEFINITION 49

- or spacial geometry: studies come from an evolutionary

approach - we need to be able to navigate the world

TERM 50

Disorientation Paradigm - First Condition

DEFINITION 50

Hermer & Spelke, 1994 study- experimenter brings kid into a

completely blank room a shows a kid a penny, hides it, spins the

child and asks them to find the penny- would look at rectangle

room, notice that there are two long walls and two short walls and

then there is a 50% chance they would find it correctly (in both of

the possible corners) - this suggests they have some

understanding of geometry

Disorientation Paradigm - Second Condition

performed the same study but introduced a landmark - when

there was a red wall there was no difference, still a 50% rate

of finding the correct spot - couldnt register a landmark, they

still just relied on the geometry of the room - they couldn't

integrate all the information- experimenters wanted to know if this

was because of language so they introduced another condition

TERM 52

Disorientation Paradigm - Language

Training

DEFINITION 52

experimenters created new words for left and right - found that

some kids were able to retain this information others were not -

but those who were able to learn this language performed better

and were able to find the penny 75% of the time- within training

condition have a group that correctly learned the language

learners and those that did not non-learners and then there is a

control group that has not been exposed to training

TERM 53

Domain Specific Knowledge - "Number"

DEFINITION 53

- first, do they understand the difference between more and

less and then can they understand counting?1) need to learn

the set of numbers (one, two)2) need to understand those

words correspond to objects3) need to understand last

number said refers to number of object present -to test this,

ask child - can you give me 3?

TERM 54

Piraha Tribe

DEFINITION 54

an indigenous hunter-gatherer tribe of Amazon natives- But what

if we have no words for numbers? Did a study on the Piraha tribe

and found they could communicate 1, 2, (maybe 3) and "many"

(only approximate language)- ex) study where experimenter put

out a certain number of objects and asked the participants to do

the same - can do this in different ways, the more complicated the

task the worse participants performed- not random the way they

put out objects (like children do) - analogue magnetism

TERM 55

Domain Specific Knowledge - "Biology"

DEFINITION 55

- what about their understanding of death?- study:

experimenter tell a story about a mouse who gets eaten by

an alligator then ask a series of questions (biological,

psychobiological, perceptual, emotional, desire, epistemic) to

different age groups - younger kids believe that the

answers should be yes (ex. after death he is still

hungry)

Anterograde Amnesia

-hard to make new, explicit memories but procedural memory

continues to work- H.M. man who helped us study memory- we

store information in different ways- a loss of the ability to create

new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading

to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while

long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

TERM 62

Developmental Memory Issues

DEFINITION 62

- dont know all strategies yet - chunking (putting things

together), rehearsal- metamemory: knowing what you

remember- source monitoring error:where a specific

recollected experience is incorrectly determined to be the

source of a memory

TERM 63

Source Monitoring

Experiment

DEFINITION 63

- two between-subject conditions, four groups, storytellers

told stories about the circus and they measured how often

the participants messed up who told what story- if the

sources were different they were better at remembering

TERM 64

Infantile Amnesia

DEFINITION 64

- the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before

the age of 2-4 years, as well as the period before age 10 of

which adults retain fewer memories than might otherwise be

expected given the passage of time.

TERM 65

Memory Format Change Hypothesis

DEFINITION 65

argues that early on we store our memories differently and when

we are older we use language as our means of remembering- we

are chaining medias and so we cant access them, we decode

memories too differently now-(hypothesis on why we lack

memories of our early experiences) the memory format or code

changes, so that memories formed very early on become

inaccessible to older children and adults

Neural Change Hypothesis

- we never formed those episodic memories to begin with-the

hippocampus plays a role in transferring information from

working memory into long term memory, as well as helping

set up a system for retrieving and integrating memory traces

distributed throughout the cerebral cortex

TERM 67

Cueing Hypothesis

DEFINITION 67

- we need certain cues to activate those non-verbal

memories and those are no longer around-emphasizes how

the ability to cue, or trigger, memories changes with age in

ways that may make very early memories inaccessible

TERM 68

Sam Stone Study

DEFINITION 68

4 conditions: control group, stereotype group, stereotype + suggestion

group, suggestion group- a man visits a school and four interviews are

conducted by the same person and a fifth by someone else - true for all

conditions- in the stereotype group before the man visits, the teacher

says hes clumsy (42% say he did something he didnt do because of this

stereotype)- in suggestion group during the interviews they were given

leading questions (52% say he did it but when counter probed goes down

to 12%)- stereotype and suggestion group - 70% said he did it and didnt

back down as much when they were cross examined

TERM 69

Interviewer Bias

DEFINITION 69

- whatever the interviewer believes as true the child will end

up coming up with a story that confirms that (you can

fabricate entire memories)

TERM 70

Solidity

DEFINITION 70

- physical objects are solid, each object occupies a unique

part of space; objects cannot interpenetrate other objects

because all their parts cohere- infants develop assumptions

about continuity and solidity first

Global Changes

- similar developments occur at roughly the same time in

different areas of thought -domain-general: global cognitive

development, changes in broad mental capacities that are

thought to be used in all kinds of thinking

TERM 77

Local Changes

DEFINITION 77

-different kinds of psychological capacities develop relatively

independently of each other, no relationship between the

two patterns of change - domain specific : local cognitive

development, children go through specific series of changes

in knowledge and reasoning that are unique to each domain,

affecting all domains of knowledge

TERM 78

Nature versus Nurture

DEFINITION 78

- relates to the relative importance of an individual's innate

qualities as compared to an individual's personal

experiences ("nurture" in the sense of empiricism or

behaviorism) in causing individual differences in physical and

behavioral traits.

TERM 79

Comparative Perspective

DEFINITION 79

- comparison across species

TERM 80

Ethology

DEFINITION 80

- the study of traits from an adaptive evolutionary

perspective that usually involves comparisons across

species, examines how certain traits improve a species

fitness within its specific environment

Cross-Cultural Approach

- how cultural variation influences patterns of development

and consistency across cultures

TERM 82

Neuroscience Perspective

DEFINITION 82

- neurobiological systems that give rise to psychological

development (ex. using EEG scanning)

TERM 83

Behaviorist Perspective

DEFINITION 83

- studying observable behaviors and how they are shaped by

external factors, can have severe limitations

TERM 84

Psychoanalytic Perspective

DEFINITION 84

- understanding internal mental states and processes , see

childhood experiences as having important and lasting

influences later in life-a set of psychological and

psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques,

originally popularized by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud

and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer

and others.

TERM 85

Cognitive Science Perspective

DEFINITION 85

- looks at how specific skills or kinds of knowledge emerge

and change

Cohort Effects

in which a given age group might differ in important ways from

people in the same culture who are a different age- The term

cohort effect is used in social science to describe variations in the

characteristics of an area of study over time among individuals

who are defined by some shared temporal experience or common

life experience, such as year of birth, or year of exposure to

radiation.

TERM 92

Converging Methods

DEFINITION 92

- as researchers apply more methods to the same problem,

the different approaches tend to complement each other in

ways create a more overall accurate picture

TERM 93

Reliability

DEFINITION 93

- refers whether researchers would obtain consistent

results if they to others repeated the research study - test-

restest reliability - indication of how consistently a measure yields

the same result when it is used by the same researcher- interrater

reliability - describes how consistently two different researchers

get the same results when they use the same measure with the

same child

TERM 94

Validity

DEFINITION 94

- refers to whether measurements accurately reflect

what a researcher means to study - internal validity -

concerns whether the changes observed in the dependent

variable are really due to the experimenters manipulation of

the independent variable or whether the changes are caused

by other extraneous factors

TERM 95

Replicability

DEFINITION 95

- the ability for other to easily reproduce the study and find

the same result

Types of Designs...

- within-subjects design- each child participates in all of the

experimental conditions , and therefore all children are

assessed in the same manner- between-subjects design -

would involve different group of children in each

experimental condition

TERM 97

Object Solidity

DEFINITION 97

-that rigid or hard objects can not pass through other rigid or

hard objects because cohere (stick together) as single

entities.- ex) billiard balls dont pass through each other they

bounce off each other

TERM 98

Principle of Persistence

DEFINITION 98

- states that objects do not change without a cause. infants

understand that things cannot on their own, appear of

disappear, break apart or assemble, or change their size,

shape or color- (ex. duck movement experiment)

TERM 99

Perception of Causality

DEFINITION 99

- infants understanding of physical events suggests that they

have some understanding of cause and effect- ex) red and

green block experiment

TERM 100

Intermodal Sensing of Number...

DEFINITION 100

when an infant hears three bursts of sound while looking at two

Exam 1 | PSYCH 306 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH, Quizzes of Developmental Psychology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Exam 1 | PSYCH 306 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Age Order...

childhood, adolescentprenatal: before birth (anatomical and

physical development)infant: the first 12-18 months

(preverbal)Toddler: 18-36 monthsPreschool: usually 3-5 (language

appears and flourishes)early childhood: 5-8 (social and cognitive

skills expand, learn to read)late childhood: 8-11 (complicated

thoughts)adolescent: after 12 (puberty)

TERM 2

Independent Variable

DEFINITION 2

- the thing that you manipulate and change

TERM 3

Dependent Variable

DEFINITION 3

- what you are measuring

TERM 4

John Watson (1878-1958)

DEFINITION 4

Albert Bandura

DEFINITION 5

interactions and repeat what we learned, argues that aggression

and other violent behaviors can be learned from other people-he

studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act

aggressively towards a Bobo doll. There are different variations of

the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the

children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get

punished, or experience no consequence for beating up the bobo

doll.

John Bowlby

- was a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst,

notable for his interest in child development and for his

pioneering work in attachment theory.

TERM 7

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

DEFINITION 7

development, took a biological perspective, empiricist (believed all

knowledge is built up by experience) - children have their own way of

thinking about the world they arent just little adults, they grow at

predetermined stages closer to adult thinking- just studied boys because

he believed they are more interesting morally- Barbel Inhelder

contributed greatly to his work as well as his wife- believed that the child

is born with a bundle of built in sensorimotor reflexes. as the infant learns

about the world from experience, these reflexes are modified and

transformed into new schemes

TERM 8

Eleanor Gibson

DEFINITION 8

- perceptual developmental:involves the ways people grow in

their ability to pick up information from the world by using

their senses and by processing sensory information

TERM 9

Lila Gleitman

DEFINITION 9

- language development

TERM 10

Eleanor Maccoby

DEFINITION 10

- social development

Children Study Methods - Experiments

experiment includes a control group - Lab Experiment - study

conducted in a research lab, everything is controlled (ideally)

except the critical variable one is interested in. - advantages :

time, cost, experimental control, strong causal conclusions can be

drawn - Field Experiment - study conducted in a natural setting,

many things are controlled for, but not everything can be, and one

main feature is manipulated - advantages: ecological validity -

more natural setting, some experimental control

TERM 17

Prenatal Video - Life's Greatest Miracles

DEFINITION 17

Infant Cognition

DEFINITION 18

- the capacity of the infants to think, reason, and use

knowledge about the world.- what is cognition? -> all the

mental functions that we preform

TERM 19