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Attribution Theory
The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition TERM 2
Fundamental Attribution Error
DEFINITION 2 The thendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to undestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. TERM 3
Peripheral Route Persuasion
DEFINITION 3 Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness TERM 4
Central Route Persuasion
DEFINITION 4 Occurs when interesred people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts TERM 5
Foot-in-Door Phenomenon
DEFINITION 5 The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request comply later with a larger request
Role
A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave TERM 7
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
DEFINITION 7 The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. TERM 8
Conformity
DEFINITION 8 Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard TERM 9
Normative Social Influence
DEFINITION 9 Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval TERM 10
Informational Social Influence
DEFINITION 10 Influence resulting from one's willingless to accept others' opinions about reality
Group
Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group TERM 17
Groupthink
DEFINITION 17 The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a desicion-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives TERM 18
Prejudice
DEFINITION 18 An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. TERM 19
Just-world Phenomenon
DEFINITION 19 The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get TERM 20
Ingroup
DEFINITION 20 "Us"- people whom we share a common identity
Outgroup
"Them"- those percieved as different or apart from our ingroup TERM 22
Ingroup Bias
DEFINITION 22 The tendency to favor our own group TERM 23
Scapegoat theory
DEFINITION 23 The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. TERM 24
Other-race Effect
DEFINITION 24 The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. TERM 25
Aggression
DEFINITION 25 Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
Industrial-Organization Psychology
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behariow in workplaces TERM 32
Personnel Psychology
DEFINITION 32 A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development. TERM 33
Organizational Psychology
DEFINITION 33 A subfield of I/O psychology that examines oranizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change. TERM 34
Human Factors Psychology
DEFINITION 34 A subfield of I/O that explores how people and machines interact and how people/machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. TERM 35
Achievement Motivation
DEFINITION 35 A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.
Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. TERM 37
General Adaption Syndrome
DEFINITION 37 The body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion TERM 38
Tend and Befriend
DEFINITION 38 Under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others TERM 39
Psychophysiological Illness
DEFINITION 39 "Mind-body" Illness TERM 40
Psychoneruoimmunology
DEFINITION 40 The study of how psychological, neural, amd endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Problem-focused
coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor TERM 47
Emotion- focused
coping
DEFINITION 47 Attempting to alleviate stress by avoidig or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction TERM 48
Psychodynamic Theories
DEFINITION 48 View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences TERM 49
Free Association
DEFINITION 49 A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrasing TERM 50
Psychoanalyis
DEFINITION 50 Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscous motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interperet unconscious tensions
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unnaceptable thoughts, feelings and wishes. Now knows as information processing of which we are unaware. TERM 52
Id
DEFINITION 52 A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strivesto satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The Id operates on the plesaure principle, demandind immediate gratification TERM 53
Ego
DEFINITION 53 The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the idm superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain TERM 54
Superego
DEFINITION 54 The part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations TERM 55
Psycnhosexual Stages
DEFINITION 55 Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
6 Defense Mechanisms
Regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial TERM 62
Collective unconscious
DEFINITION 62 Concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memories from our species history TERM 63
Projective Test
DEFINITION 63 A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics TERM 64
Rorschach Inkblot Test
DEFINITION 64 The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots that seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interperceptions of the blots TERM 65
Terror-management theory
DEFINITION 65 A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
Humanistic Theories
Views personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth TERM 67
Self-actualization
DEFINITION 67 one of the ultimate pychological needs that arises after basic needs are me; the motivation to fulfill one's potential TERM 68
Unconditional Positive Regard
DEFINITION 68 An attitude of total acceptance toward another person TERM 69
Self-Concept
DEFINITION 69 All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, who am i? TERM 70
Personality Inventory
DEFINITION 70 A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
External locus of
control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate TERM 77
Internal Locus of Control
DEFINITION 77 The perception that you control your own fate TERM 78
Self Control
DEFINITION 78 The ability to control impulses and dely short term gratification for greater long term rewards TERM 79
Learned Helplessness
DEFINITION 79 The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events TERM 80
Frustration-agression
Principle
DEFINITION 80 The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations TERM 82
Medical Model
DEFINITION 82 The concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treates and cured TERM 83
DSM
DEFINITION 83 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual TERM 84
Anxiety Disorders
DEFINITION 84 Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety TERM 85
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
DEFINITION 85 An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal
Mania
Wildly optmistic TERM 92
Bipolar disorder
DEFINITION 92 alternates between depression and mania TERM 93
Schizophrenia
DEFINITION 93 A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and innapropriate emotions and behaviors TERM 94
Psychosis
DEFINITION 94 A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions TERM 95
Delusions
DEFINITION 95 False beliefs, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previoud memories, thoughts and feelings TERM 97
Dissaciative Identity Didorder (DID)
DEFINITION 97 Dissasociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities TERM 98
Anorexia
DEFINITION 98 An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet TERM 99
Bulimia
DEFINITION 99 An eating disorder in which a person alternates with binge eating with purging or fasting TERM 100
Binge eating disorder
DEFINITION 100 Significant binge eating disorders
