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2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen What does it mean for a carrier protein to be saturated? saturated carrier proteins means all the binding that the protein can do is used * when all sides are bound up What are the types of active transport? part 1 sodium potassium pump and cotransport mechanism What are the types of active transport? part 2 explanation Sodium Potassium Pump - process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane involving the hydrolysis of ATP to produce necessary ENERGY What are the types of active transport? part 3 explanation Co-transport Mechanism- 2 substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by 1 protein or complex protein with NO ATP activity Describe the type of endocytosis phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Endocytosis: Phagocytosis "cellular eating" - engulfs a particle in a vacuole Endocytosis: Pinocytosis "cellular drinking" - molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles Endocytosis: Receptor- mediated binding of ligands (any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site) to receptors triggers vesicle formation how does receptor - mediated endocytosis differ from the other types of endocytosis? It differs because it is more specific Explain exocytosis Exocytosis is the evacuator of substances out of the cell - transport vesicles migrate tot he membrane and fuse with it and release their contents
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Building blocks of nucleic acids are polynucleotides and each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotide. a nucleotide is composed of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogen (nitrogenous base), one or more phosphate groups what are the 4 types of nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA? DNA = Cytosine and Thymine and Adenine and Guanine RNA = Uracil and Thymine and Adenine and Guanine What is the sugar found in DNA and in RNA? DNA = deoxyribose RNA = Ribose What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA? DNA = 2 stands of double helix, sugar, thymine RNA = single stranded, sugar, uracil what is complementary base pairing and how does it work? bases only bind to specific bases
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen C - G, A - T, RNA = A - U copy DNA strand 5' GAATGCCGTTAC 3' C - T AND G-A 3' AGGCATTACCGT 5' 5' GTAACGGCATTC 3' What is transcription? the process by which info of DNA is copied to a new molecule of mRNA. DNA stories it for reference What is translation? the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins mRNA produced by transcription from DNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce specific amino acid chain/polypeptide What is the molecule and process (1-3)L Gene Expression 1: transcription DNA - synthesis of mRNA 2: mRNA: movement of mRNA into cytoplasm - translation 3: synthesis of protein through ribosomes and a polypeptide or amino acid is produced
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen What are the building blocks of proteins? what parts of these building blocks are the same? what part is different?
- Amino Acids are the monomers (building blocks)
- Same are the number (20) backbone, first carbon
- Different = order they are in, side group - R group Describe a polypeptide more than 20 amino acids - A POLYMER/MANY AMINO ACIDS LINKED TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS Describe protein primary structure. Part? Bond? Shape? Linkage of amino acids in a chain to form peptides (nitrogen and carbon bonds). Amino Acids = bond Linear in shape Describe protein secondary structure. Part? Bond? Shape? Part: amino and carboxyl groups bond: hydrogen bonds - amongst backbone
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Shape: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Describe protein tertiary structure. Part? Bond? Shape? Amino acids R-groups reacting with each other. Bond: hydrogen/ionic bonds - hydrophobic/hydrophilic, disulfide bridges Shape: 3-D, R group Describe protein quaternary structure. Part? Bond? Shape? interactions of R groups of 2 or more different polypeptides bound together using all interaction/bonds giving a fibrous or globular shape. last stage of a protein being built. ex: hemoglobin What conditions can affect protein structure? Temperature, pH, contractions Define R group in proteins the side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino backbone. different with each amino acid
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen basic unit of life all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells the life process of metabolism and heredity occur, cell arise only by division of previously existing cells put the following metric units in order from biggest to smallest (nm, M, mm, cm, um) M, cm, mm, um, nm approximately how big are eukaryotic cells? prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic - 10 - 100 um diameter prokaryotic - 1 - 5 um diameter what are the functions of the cell membrane> enclose and protect cell compartmentalization of biochemical activity maintains structure defines inside and outside of the organelles intercellular interaction and respond to external signals ** selectively permeable **
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen what are the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? eukaryotic: cells with nuclear membrane, cells with membrane bound organelles complex organelles, has nucleus Prokaryotic: no membrane bound organelles no organized nucleus no nuclear membrane Picture: half plant and half animal cell what organelles are through to have arisen from endosymbiosis? Mitochondria and chloroplasts what is the endosymbiosis theory? eukaryotic cell = oxygen using prokaryotic cell - host cell + endosymbionet single organism - merged together = eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion what are the differences between animal and plant cells?
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Prokaryote: flagellum Function: locomotion organelles Structure: picture Eukaryote: Nucleus Function: Contain membrane bound nuclei, house DNA and direct synthesis of ribosomes and protein Eukaryote: Nucleolus Function: non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes Structure: picture Eukaryote: Nuclear Membrane (aka nuclear envelope) function: encloses the nucleus separating from cytoplasm, 2x membrane each bilayer associated with proteins Structure: picture Eukaryote: Nuclear Pore
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen function: large protein complexes cross the nuclear envelope Structure: picture Eukaryote: chromatin Function: material consisting of DNA and proteins. visible in a dividing cell as individual Structure: picture Eukaryote: Chromosome function: carry the genetic information Structure: picture Eukaryote: Endomembrane system includes: nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, and cell membrane Structure: picture Eukaryote: Endoplasmic reticulum rough Function: protein production, protein folding, quality control
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Eukaryote: vesicles function: more locations inside the cells - move proteins from Rough ER to Golgi membrane bound and secreted proteins made on ribosomes and found in Rough ER Structure: picture Eukaryote: Lysosome Function: digestive compartment, hydrolyze protein fats, polysaccharide and nucleic acids - best in acid (stomach) Structure: picture Eukaryote: ribosomes: bound and free Function: Particles made of rRNA proteins; in 2 locations ribosome: carry out photosynthesis Bound: outside of the ER of nuclear envelope Free: cytosol Structure: picture Eukaryote: Mitochondrion
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Cristae Matrix Function: organelle where cellular respiration occurs and ATP is generated Cristae function: provide large surface area that synthesize ATP Matrix function:contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules Structure: picture Chloroplast: Thylakoid: Stroma: Function: found in plants and algae site of photosynthesis (light energy - chemical energy) Function Thylakoid: membranous sacs stacked form granum Function Stroma: the internal fluid of organelle Structure: picture Peroxisome Function: Organelle with various specialized metabolic function's produces Hydrogen, peroxide as by products converts - h2o Structure: picture
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen Structure: picture cell wall: Plants function: protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water distinguishes plant from animal cell Structure: picture Flagellum and Cilium function: motility structure present in some composed of cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane basal body: anchors to cell core of microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane 9+2 arrangement dynein - motor protein drives bending movement of cilium and flagellum Structure: picture what are the types of filaments that makeup the cytoskeleton? microtubules microfilaments - inter mediate filaments
2027 ) Medical-Surgical Nursing II Review | Questions & Answers | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) | Grade A - Galen cilia and flagella what are the different between the filaments? microfilament - actin filament solid rods, twisted double chains of actin subunits - work in the plasma membrane to support cell shape intermediate filaments - fibrous proteins super coiled into thicker cable protein subunits - one of several proteins depending on cell type SIZE and STRUCTURE What is the function of flagella and cilia used for propulsion or to move fluid over a stationary cell motor protein - dynein - drives the bending movements of the cilium or flagellum what is the internal structure of flagella/cilia in a eukaryote? share common structure - core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane (9+ arrangement) 9 pairs of fused microtubules = doublets 2 unfused microtubules basal body - anchors them tot he cell
