Download Term 1: Infant Speech Development and Phonetics and more Quizzes Speech-Language Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!
Cooing
vocalizations that are speech-like but largely voiced, vowel- like sounds TERM 2
Marginal Babbling
DEFINITION 2 More consonantal in sound; involves more constriction in the vocal tract TERM 3
Reduplicated Babbling
DEFINITION 3 productive groupings of consonant-vowel (CW) sounds that are repeated ("gaga," "dada") TERM 4
Nonreduplicated Babbling
DEFINITION 4 CV groupings that change in form and are strung together productively (biba eechu) TERM 5
Canonical Babbling
DEFINITION 5 Cvs in infants' productions that are native to the language system in which they are being raised.
Babbling Drift
Adult language users can usually identify the babbling of 8 mo onls (and older) as being specific to their language. May involve both prosody and lexical form. TERM 7
Pitch Shifting
DEFINITION 7 when infants increase or decrease the pitch of their vocalizations in correspondence to increases or decreases in the pitch of adult vocalizations (not matching their pitch, but changing in the same direction) TERM 8
Phonetics
DEFINITION 8 system of sounds produced by the human vocal tract that are candidates for building words in any of the world's language systems TERM 9
Phonemics
DEFINITION 9 system of sounds produced by the human vocal tract that are meaningful within a specific language system. For example, /th/ is a phoneme in English but /dp/ is not a phoneme in English TERM 10
Allophone
DEFINITION 10 some phonemes are differently produced within the context of specific words within a language system, but still are considered just one phoneme. For example, unaspirated and aspirated /p/ both exist in English, but are both considered /p/.
Word Explosion
extensive increase (non-linear) in number of produced words in a child's vocabulary that usually occurs at 18 months of age; however, the best predictor of the word explosion is whenever the child acquires at 50 words. At this point, the child is said to have "nominal insight" TERM 17
Nominal Insight
DEFINITION 17 the point at which a child understands that ll objects can be named TERM 18
Phonological Idiom
DEFINITION 18 the situation in which a child produces some native phonemes in an adult-like manner but in another lexical context (a different word), they struggle with the production of the same phonemes. TERM 19
Phonemic Reduplication, Reduction, Deletion
DEFINITION 19 as children acquire first words, they often repeat a phoneme for a word (e.g., "kiki" for kitty), reduce a difficult phoneme to a simpler one (e.g., "dem" for them), and/or delete phonemes (e.g., "nana" for banana) TERM 20
Natural Partitions Hypothesis
DEFINITION 20 notion that nouns are naturally easier to learn because they are more transparent in their meaning because they most often refer to tangible items, objects, events. However, this is not necessarily the cause in terms of concepts like "honesty" or "logic"- so accordingly, abstract nouns should be minimally evident in young children's speech. Used as one explanation for the early noun bias in children's first productions.
Relational Relativity Hypothesis
notion that nouns are more likely to appear across languages in early productions because the meaning of a noun (regardless of its actual phonetic structure) is fairly consistent across cultures, whereas verbs are more variable across cultures. For example, the word for "window" ("fenster" in German) refers to the same entity that all children have access to. TERM 22
Concept of Lexical Constraint
DEFINITION 22 idea that "breaking into speech code" is too complicated without some kind of guidance. A constraint must exist that bias the language-learning child toward some information rather than other. Such constraints can eminate from different sources 1. in the child 2. in the language 3. in the child <-> language exchange TERM 23
Underextensions
DEFINITION 23 evidence that children bring their own constraints to language learning. For example, children tend to underextend new words to other examplers (e.g., Child: "People are humans"; Mother: "Are you a human?" Child: "No, Im Jack" TERM 24
Overextensions
DEFINITION 24 Children also overextend concepts (e.g., passing a field of cows, child says "Wow! Look at all those dalmatians!" TERM 25
Whole Object Assumption
DEFINITION 25 constraint that a new word must refer to the entire object (not parts of an object or features of an object)
Shallow Structure
the number and arrangement of the actual words in a sentence. For example, "John loves Mary." and "Mary is loved by John." have the same deep structure but different surface structure (the second has a more complicated surface structure). TERM 32
Syntax
DEFINITION 32 rules that govern the ordering of words (morphemes) in a language system. TERM 33
Morpheme
DEFINITION 33 smallest meaningful unit in a language TERM 34
Inflectional (Bounded) Morpheme
DEFINITION 34 unit that does not change the meaning of a root word and cannot stand alone as a word (e.g., /s/ as an indication of plural in English) TERM 35
Derivational (Bounded) Morpheme
DEFINITION 35 unit that may change the meaning of a root word but cannot stand alone as a word itself (e.g., /er/ in English on the end of "paint" changes to "painter")
Unbounded/ Free
Morpheme
any stand alone word in a language, including /and/, /or/, /this/ etc. TERM 37
Mean Length of
Utterance
DEFINITION 37 a metric that is calculated by having children produce a fixed number of utterances and then counting up the number of morphemes (free, derivational, inflectional) and dividing by the number of utterances. This metric can grow with experience even if the actual vocabulary size of the child is modest. TERM 38
Syntactical Bootstrapping Hypothesis
DEFINITION 38 children can attend to the function of a word in context to determine what position of speech it is. For example, the word "acorp" may refer to a noun or a verb, but children will INDUCE it as a noun if they encounter this word in the context of an object rather than an action. TERM 39
Vertical v. Horizontal Grammar
DEFINITION 39 vertical construction refers to single utterances that convey a whole sentence form (e.g., pointing to knee and saying "Booboo!" is functionally the same as saying "I hurt my knee.") The latter is considered a Horizontal construction because you have added words but not changed the meaning (usually horizontal growth means more grammatical morphemes). TERM 40
Telegraphic Speech
DEFINITION 40 utterances that contain largely nouns, verbs and adjectives (but few morphemes or other closed class formations)
