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CSD Exam Review
According to the lecture, which one of the following terms is NOT a part of process in which children grasp the meaning of a speech? - Answer -Speaker Position Which of the following was NOT highlighted in the lecture as a component of language that children must learn during development? - Answer -Music Which of the following represent ways of conceptualizing or defining language? - Answer -All of the above Which of the following terms refers to the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for tasks needed for cognition and problem solving in general? - Answer -Domain-general Which of the following terms is generally taken to refer mainly to a kind of neuromuscular activity? - Answer -Speech A term referring to movements of the human vocal folds is: - Answer -Phonation Which of the following backs up the idea that language and speech are not the same thing? - Answer - Both of the above
When the referent of a communicative intent is clear from context, this is referred to as: - Answer -More than one of the above Which one of the following terms are NOT the characteristics of paralinguistic feedback? - Answer - Gesture If a person expresses his or her individual state of mind or feelings, this is referred to as which of the following communicative purposes? - Answer -Personal If a child says "I liking to play game", which domain of language still needs to be improved? - Answer - Form Which of the following terms is most closely related to the meanings of words? - Answer -Content Which of the following terms is most closely related to the orderings of words to form grammatical sentences? - Answer -Form The term for variations on sound categories is: - Answer -allophone "Cat" is an example of a bound morpheme in English. - Answer -False The term referring to the social aspects of language is: - Answer -pragmatics The term "fast mapping" is used to refer to the fact that children need only a brief exposure to a new word and its referent in order to learn the word. - Answer -True Which of the following options lists the person who hypothesized the critical period hypothesis and the evidence from Genie's case that supports this hypothesis? - Answer -Lenneberg; inability to make sentences in a grammatically correct fashion
Someone who believes that infants are guided by observation and experience, rather than coming innately hard-wired for language is a/an: - Answer -empiricist Which statement is not discussed as a concept of language development theories? - Answer -The notion of acquiring and developing language as a result of environmental interaction comes from nature- inspired theories. Behaviorist theory posited that language learning was the result of offering reward and ______. - Answer -punishment According to behaviorist theory, language learning was viewed as the result of reward and punishment. - Answer -True Which is the most accurate statement about the zone of proximal development? - Answer -The zone of proximal development between an infant and other, more capable persons is viewed in social- interactionist theory as a critical mechanism for children's language acquisition. Vygotsky's theory was a "social-interactionist" theory because interpersonal communication and culture were viewed as shaping higher mental functions. - Answer -True According to Piaget's theory, achievements in one stage must occur before progressing to the next stage. - Answer -True Piaget did not view language as a special faculty but as an ability that reflects developments in other areas of growth, such as perceptive, cognitive, and social processes. - Answer -True A main difference between the intentionality model of language acquisition and other nurture-inspired theories was that unlike other models, the intentionality model proposed that the child's environment or peers have the most influence in driving language development. - Answer -False Unlike Piaget's cognitive theory, the intentionality model of language acquisition proposed that one stage of development must occur before progressing to the next stage. - Answer -False
The competition model describes specific mechanisms through which children acquire the acceptable morphological, phonological,syntactic, and lexical forms that compose their native language. - Answer - True A key concept in usage-based theory is: - Answer -Joint attention Intention reading Under modularity theory, syntactic abilities are viewed as innate while environmental influences shape other language areas - Answer -True According to the theory of universal grammar, children are born innately with a basic set of grammatical rules and categories that exist in all languages. - Answer -True Syntactic bootstrapping proposes that children learn the meaning of an unfamiliar verb by examining contextual or social cues. - Answer -False Under semantic bootstrapping, correspondences between semantics and syntax are used by a child to determine the syntactic category to which each word belongs. - Answer -True Connectionist theories attempt to visually approximate the inner workings of the brain, and they model and simulate the -mechanisms responsible for language growth in relationship to input. - Answer -True Minimal pairs are defined as words which differ in at least one phoneme. - Answer -False The early consonants are those that are recommended to have been acquired typically by 4 years of age and include /m, n, h, w, p, b, t, d, k, g/. - Answer -True The first phoneme in each of the following words is a "late consonant" which typically develops by about 7-9 years of age: thin, these, soup, zing, shoe, choosy, judgment, live, rain. - Answer -True Covert contrast is a type of developmental mispronunciation in which children produce different phoneme categories in a distinct manner, but their pronunciations are so similar that adults can't hear the difference. - Answer -True
The sentence "Dominic was tired" reflects which of the following usages of the word "be"? - Answer - Uncontractible copula "Mommy screamed" reflects which of the following verb tenses? - Answer -Regular past tense Mean length of utterance (MLU) is a measure that is used to estimate the syntactic complexity of sentences. - Answer -True "I get really hungry sometimes" is best described as which kind of declarative structure? - Answer - Subject + Verb + Adverbial phrase Which of the following structures has a child mastered by the time he/she enters elementary school? - Answer -All of the above Children will have typically mastered use of embedded subordinate clauses by which of the following? - Answer -By the time they have an MLU or 3. Children of higher SES parents produce more sentences with complex syntax than lower SES parents, and children show a similar pattern. - Answer -True Children acquire new words very rapidly, so that they typically are exposed to a word in only one setting and have a fully-formed representation of that word's semantic, phonological, and syntactic representation. - Answer -False Words which represent abstract concepts, have a rare phonological form, or have low imageability are harder for children to learn. - Answer -True Ostensive contexts and contexts in which adults use follow-ins are both generally thought to be more likely to facilitate word learning than either nonostensive contexts or contexts in which adults use lead- ins. - Answer -True
Words have networked connections of various strengths to other words as a function of phonological, semantic, or syntactic similarity, and this fact can account for errors in which a person accidentally uses a word that is similar to the intended word. - Answer -True At about 2 years, girls' and boys' vocabularies differ on average by over 100 words, and these differences between the genders in vocabulary size persist until after 7 years of age. - Answer -False Which of the following are key aspects of pragmatic development? - Answer -Learning different communicative functions associated with distinct purposes of communication Developing the ability to enter conversations and appropriately follow the schema for a conversation Gaining sensitivity to nonlinguistic cues Which types of neurons carry sensory information from the extremities to the brain? - Answer -Afferent The central nervous system (CNS) is associated primarily with efferent neurons, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is associated primarily with afferent neurons. - Answer -False At the level of the brain, another term for "superior" is: - Answer -Dorsal At the level of the brain, another term for "front" (toward the eyes) is: - Answer -Anterior Among the major brain divisions, which is the largest? - Answer -Cerebrum Which cortical structure important to speech and language is in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus? - Answer -Primary motor cortex Which cortical structure important for speech and language lies partly in the lateral sulcus as well as on the superior temporal gyrus? - Answer -Primary auditory cortex Which cortical structure important to speech and language is in the anterior portion of the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus? - Answer -Primary somatosensory cortex
