Download Animal Diversity and Adaptations and more Study notes Animal Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Exam 3: Friday, April 12th, 2024
45 multiple choice questions:
Animal Diversity: ~6 questions
Invertebrates: ~14 questions
Vertebrates: ~11 questions
Animal Form & Function: ~8 questions
Animal Nutrition: ~6 questions
Students should be familiar with:
1. Body Symmetry, Body Cavities, & Protostome vs. Deuterostome
embryonic development (focus on the differences, not every single
detail)
a. Body Symmetry:
i. Bilateral Symmetry: Most animals have a mirror image left and
right side (e.g., humans, insects).
ii. Radial Symmetry: Body parts are arranged around a central axis (e.g., jellyfish, starfish). iii. Asymmetry: Some simple organisms lack symmetry (e.g., sponges).
b. Body Cavities:
i. Coelom: A fluid-filled cavity between the digestive tract and the
body wall (e.g., vertebrates, some invertebrates).
ii. Pseudocoelom: A partially formed coelom derived from the blastocoel (e.g., roundworms). iii. Acoelomate: No true coelom, with organs packed together (e.g., flatworms)
c. Protostomes vs Deuterostomes – Embryonic Development
i. Protostomes: First opening in the embryo becomes the mouth (e.g.,
mollusks, arthropods).
ii. Deuterostomes: Second opening becomes the mouth, first opening becomes the anus (e.g., vertebrates, echinoderms).
2. Examples of organisms/groupings of organisms that fall into the
categories described above in #1:
a. Bilateral: Sponges (asymmetry in some), cnidarians, flatworms, segmented
worms, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms, vertebrates.
b. Radial: Cnidarians (except some medusa). c. Protostomes: Flatworms, nematodes, arthropods, mollusks. d. Deuterostomes: Echinoderms, chordates (vertebrates).
i. Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, Segmented Worms, Nematodes,
Arthropods, Echinoderms
ii. Vertebrates, Gnathostomes, Fishes, Tetrapods, Amphibians,
Amniotes, Mammals, Primates, Humans
3. General characteristics of the major groupings of organisms (we spent a
lot of time going over the groupings that I find important and worthy of
test questions)
a. Sponges: Simple multicellular animals with no true tissues or organs.
b. Cnidarians: Sac-like body with stinging tentacles; includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. c. Flatworms: Bilateral, dorsoventrally flattened; includes parasitic and free-living flatworms. d. Segmented Worms: Bilateral, body divided into segments; includes earthworms and leeches. e. Nematodes: Roundworms, unsegmented with pseudocoelom; many are parasitic. f. Arthropods: Jointed appendages, exoskeleton; includes insects, spiders, crustaceans. g. Echinoderms: Spiny-skinned, radial symmetry as adults, bilateral symmetry as larvae; includes starfish, sea urchins. h. Vertebrates: Backbone made of vertebrae, notochord; includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
4. What do major groupings of organisms have in common/not in
common?
a. Commonalities:
i. All multicellular organisms (except sponges) have some form of tissue organization. ii. All animals require nutrition and can move (at least at some stage in their life cycle). iii. All animals reproduce.
a. Tetrapoda b. Amniota c. Osteorichthes d. Gnathostomes e. Craniata
- Know derived characters for each clade that was discussed in class. a. Chordates: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits at some point in development, post-anal tail. b. Craniates: Head with a distinct brain encased in a skull. c. Vertebrates: Backbone made of vertebrae. d. Tetrapods: Four limbs or derived structures from limbs. e. Mammals: Hair, mammary glands, three middle ear bones, neocortex (part of the brain). f. Humans: Bipedalism (walking upright), enlarged brain, complex language skills.
- What animals are bilateral and which are radial and which are neither? a. Bilateral: Sponges (asymmetry in some), flatworms, segmented worms, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms (larvae), vertebrates. b. Radial: Cnidarians (except some medusa), echinoderms (adults).
c. Neither: Sponges (most)
- What is the arthropod body plan? a. Segmented body with jointed appendages. b. Exoskeleton made of chitin for protection and support. c. Three body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen (insects).
- How can you tell the difference between centipedes and millipedes? a. Centipedes: One pair of legs per body segment, venomous first pair of legs (modified mandibles). b. Millipedes: Two pairs of legs per body segment, herbivores.
- What are the functions of the water vascular system? a. The water vascular system is a multifunctional system in echinoderms, crucial for movement, feeding, gas exchange (to some extent), and even contributes to sensory perception i. Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins/cucumbers, etc.) have a water vascular system – a network of fluid-filled canals used for feeding, gas exchange, sensory perception, and locomotion b. Locomotion: This is the most prominent function. The water vascular system uses hydraulic pressure to extend tube feet, which are tiny projections from the body wall. By contracting muscles surrounding the canals, echinoderms can force water into the tube feet, causing them to elongate. This elongation allows the tube feet to grip surfaces and propel the animal along. c. Feeding: Tube feet can also be used for feeding. Echinoderms with tube feet equipped with suckers can use them to capture prey or scrape algae and other food particles off surfaces. The water vascular system helps extend the tube feet towards food sources and manipulate them for feeding purposes. d. Gas Exchange: While not the primary respiratory system, the water vascular system can play a role in gas exchange in some echinoderms. The thin walls of the tube feet allow for some exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the fluid within the canals and the surrounding water. e. Sensory Perception: In some echinoderms, the tube feet contain sensory receptors that can detect touch, light, and chemicals in the water. The water vascular system helps deliver information
b. Craniates: Head with a distinct brain encased in a skull. c. Vertebrates: Backbone made of vertebrae. d. Tetrapods: Four limbs or derived structures from limbs. e. Mammals: Hair, mammary glands, three middle ear bones, neocortex (part of the brain). f. Humans: Bipedalism (walking upright), enlarged brain, complex language skills. g. Amphibia: live in both water and on land! i. Adaptations for a Dual Life:
- Moist, Smooth Skin: Lacking scales or fur, their skin is thin and permeable, facilitating gas exchange (respiration) and water absorption through the skin.
- Three-Chambered Heart: Partially separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, a transitional stage between the two-chambered heart of fish and the four-chambered heart of mammals.
- Metamorphosis: A remarkable transformation from aquatic larvae with gills to air-breathing adults with lungs. This allows them to reproduce in water but spend significant time on land.
- Limbs: Paired appendages for movement on land, although some amphibians might lack limbs (e.g., caecilians). ii. Additional Derived Traits:
- Tympanum: A membranous eardrum for hearing airborne sounds, crucial for communication and predator detection on land.
- Nitrogenous Waste Excretion: Primarily excrete ammonia (aquatic larvae) or urea (adults) as waste products, reflecting adaptations to both water and land environments.
- Loss of Gills in Adults: Adults rely on lungs and/or moist skin for gas exchange, a shift from the reliance on gills for respiration in larval stages. iii. It's important to consider that: iv. The extent of these adaptations can vary among amphibian groups. For example, some amphibians might have rougher skin or rely more heavily on aquatic habitats.
v. Some derived traits might be shared with other groups. For instance, a three-chambered heart is also present in some reptiles. h. Birds: i. Adaptations for Flight:
- Feathers: Lightweight, hollow structures made of keratin that provide insulation, lift, and maneuverability during flight.
- Wishbone (Furcula): Formed by the clavicles (collarbones) fused together, providing a strong attachment point for flight muscles.
- Hollow Bones: Lightweight bones with air sacs inside, reducing overall body weight while maintaining strength.
- Keel: A large, bony ridge on the sternum (breastbone) that serves as an attachment point for powerful flight muscles.
- Modified Forelimbs as Wings: Wings with three clawed fingers and flight feathers for generating lift and thrust. ii. Other Derived Traits:
- Beak: A toothless jaw structure made of keratin, adapted for various feeding strategies depending on the bird species.
- Lightweight Skeleton: Bones are thin and lightweight with air sacs to minimize body weight for flight.
- Efficient Respiratory System: Air sacs connected to the lungs allow for a one-way flow of air, maximizing oxygen uptake during flight.
- High Metabolic Rate: Birds generate a lot of heat to maintain their high body temperature needed for flight and activity.
- Excellent Vision: Sharp eyesight with adaptations for depth perception and keen observation of prey and surroundings.
- Reduced Olfactory Sense (Smell): Less important for survival compared to vision and hearing.
m. Genus Homo: Bipedal primates with large brains and complex cognitive abilities. n. Species Homo sapiens: Modern humans
- What are the three living orders of Amphibia? a. Anura: Also known as frogs and toads. This is the most diverse order of amphibians, with over 7,600 recognized species. They are characterized by the absence of a tail in adults, long, powerful hind legs for jumping, and smooth, moist skin. Examples include frogs, toads, tree frogs, and rain frogs. b. Caudata: Also known as salamanders and newts. They have an elongated body with a tail that persists into adulthood. Unlike frogs, they lack powerful hind legs and rely on their limbs or body movements for locomotion. Their skin can be smooth or rough, and some species retain external gills throughout their lives. Examples include salamanders, newts, mudpuppies, and axolotls. c. Caecilians (Gymnophiona): Caecilians are limbless, worm-like amphibians that live underground or in moist leaf litter. They have no external eyes and rely on touch and smell to navigate their environment. Their skin secretes mucus to keep them moist and aid in burrowing. Examples include caecilians, blindworms, and amphibian worms.
- What are the causes of amphibian declines? a. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Destruction of wetlands, forests, and other amphibian habitats due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture significantly reduces suitable living areas. Fragmentation of remaining habitats isolates populations and disrupts their life cycles. b. Disease: Emerging infectious diseases, like chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, can be devastating to amphibian populations. This fungal disease attacks the skin, disrupting their electrolyte balance and leading to death. c. Pollution: Contamination of water bodies with pesticides, herbicides, and other pollutants can directly poison amphibians or harm their development and immune systems. Pollutants can also disrupt ecosystems and reduce food sources for amphibians. d. Climate Change: Rising global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased droughts can negatively
impact amphibian breeding success and survival. Changes in temperature can also affect the development and distribution of amphibian diseases. e. Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native predators like fish, crayfish, and bullfrogs can prey on native amphibian populations. Invasive species can also compete with native amphibians for resources and disrupt food webs. f. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Increased levels of UV-B radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion can damage amphibian eggs and harm their developing tadpoles. Amphibians with sensitive skin might also be more vulnerable to UV radiation exposure.
- What are the types and functions of connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissue? a. Connective Tissue: Provides support, structure, and connects organs (e.g., bone, cartilage, blood) b. Muscle Tissue: Contractile tissue for movement (e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle) c. Nervous Tissue: Detects stimuli, transmits signals, coordinates body functions (e.g., neurons, glial cells) d. Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines organs, secretes substances (e.g., skin, lining of the digestive tract)
- How does positive/negative feedback work? a. Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change until a limit is reached (e.g., blood clotting) b. Negative Feedback: Counteracts a change to maintain homeostasis (e.g., regulating body temperature)
- What body systems control the flow of information among organs and tissues? a. Endocrine System: Uses hormones to regulate body functions. b. Nervous System: Carries electrical signals for rapid responses.
- What is the function of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System? a. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, processing information and coordinating activities. b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects CNS to organs and tissues, carrying signals.
- What are adaptations for thermoregulation? a. Sweating, panting (evaporation for cooling).
