Download Exam III Review - 4/2/2014 | BS 161 - Cells and Molecules and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
G1 (Interphase)
Characterized by cell growth, additional production of macromolecules and organelles. TERM 2
S (Interphase)
DEFINITION 2 Characterized by the duplication of DNA in the form of chromatin in the nucleus of the cell. TERM 3
G2 (Interphase)
DEFINITION 3 Characterized by additional cell growth, production of macromolecules and organelles. TERM 4
Prophase
DEFINITION 4 Characterized by chromatin condensing to form chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as the beginning of the formation of the mitotic spindle. This is also where chromosomes begin their job. TERM 5
Prometaphase
DEFINITION 5 Late stage of prophase characterized by the dissolving of the nuclear envelope, continued development of microtubules from the centrosomes, and the beginning of attachment of microtubules to kinetechores. Centrosomes also begin to move to opposite poles of the cell.
Metaphase
Characterized by the alignment of condensed chromosomes in the middle of the cell, now attached by microtubules to the centrosomes on opposite poles of the cell. TERM 7
Anaphase
DEFINITION 7 Characterized by the pulling apart of sister chromatids by shortening of microtubules attached to kinetechores as well as the pushing of microtubules against opposing centrosomes. TERM 8
Telophase
DEFINITION 8 Characterized by reformation of the nuclear envelope around the recently separated sister chromatids, now individual chromosomes. TERM 9
Cytokinesis
DEFINITION 9 Characterized by the formation of a cleavage furrough that will eventually separate the cytoplasm of a parent cell entirely, forming two distinct daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes. Not formally a part of mitosis. TERM 10
Griffith (1928)
DEFINITION 10 Hypothesis: genetic traits are heritable and can be transferred.Design: tested mice with different types of a virus: virulent, non-virulent, heat killed virulent, and heat killed virulent + non-virulent.Conclusion: non-virulent bacteria could be transformed by heat-killed virulent bacteria by some heritable substance.
Single Strand Binding
Protiens
Bind to recently unzipped DNA strands to prevent them from reforming the bonds. TERM 17
DNA Polymerase III
DEFINITION 17 Moving in a 5' - 3' direction, this enzyme attached free nucleotides to single stranded DNA in compliments (A-T, C-G) on both the leading and lagging strands. TERM 18
DNA Polymerase I
DEFINITION 18 This enzyme replaces RNA primers with deoxiribonucleotides. TERM 19
Primase
DEFINITION 19 Attached RNA primers to single stranded DNA. DNA Pol III will begin its replication process at the RNA primer, and DNA Pol I will come along to replace the RNA with DNA. TERM 20
Okazaki Fragments
DEFINITION 20 Found on the lagging strand of DNA, these fragments occur because DNA Polymerase III has to move in a 5' - 3' direction away from the replication fork.
Ligase
An enzyme that attaches DNA fragments on the lagging strand of DNA. TERM 22
Telomere
DEFINITION 22 A repeating sequence of DNA (TTAGGG) on the end of chromosomes that protect the chromosome from degrading as well as from fusing with other chromosomes. TERM 23
Telomerase
DEFINITION 23 Consists of a protein portion and an RNA template portion that adds telomere sequences to the 3' end of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase prevents the shortening of chromosomes, which leads to cells dividing unabated (cancerous). TERM 24
Phosphidiester Bond
DEFINITION 24 Forms between the phosphate group of one dexoiribonucleotide and the 3' carbon of another. This is the backbone of DNA.
