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Excretory and Reproductive Systems Anatomy Review, Lecture notes of Anatomy

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)Anatomy

A concise overview of the excretory and reproductive systems, focusing on anatomical structures and their functions. It covers the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, detailing their roles in urine production and excretion. The reproductive system section includes both male and female anatomy, highlighting key components such as the testes, ovaries, and associated structures. Flashcards at the end reinforce understanding with questions and answers on essential concepts, making it a useful study aid for students in dentistry or related fields. It is a good resource for quick review and exam preparation, offering a structured approach to learning complex anatomical details. Designed to facilitate efficient learning and retention of key anatomical concepts.

Typology: Lecture notes

2018/2019

Available from 07/21/2025

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GENERAL ANATOMY-1 Reviewer
Excretory System
For Dentistry
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
ORGANS:
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
KIDNEYS
- Bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs located from T12 to L3 vertebrae.
- Held in position by peri-renal fat and fascia.
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY
- Concave (medial) side: hilum (entry/exit of blood vessels and renal pelvis).
- Convex (lateral) side: covered by fibrous connective tissue.
INTERNAL FEATURES
- Contains 5–8 conical renal pyramids.
- Renal columns lie between pyramids.
- Base and sides form one renal lobe.
NEPHRON (STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT)
1. Glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal convoluted tubule
5. Collecting tubules and ducts
RENAL CORPUSCLE
Composed of glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) for filtration.
Bowman’s capsule:
a. Parietal layer (simple squamous)
b. Visceral layer (podocytes)
CELLS WITHIN GLOMERULUS
- Mesangial cells: provide structural support, phagocytosis, and immune functions.
- Podocytes: part of filtration barrier separating blood from capillaries.
FLOW OF URINE
Nephron → Arched collecting tubule → Straight collecting tubules → Papillary ducts → Minor calyx →
Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra
URINARY BLADDER
- Smooth, distensible muscular sac posterior to pubic symphysis.
- Has two inlets (ureters) and one outlet (urethra) forming vesical trigone.
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GENERAL ANATOMY- 1 Reviewer

Excretory System

For Dentistry

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OVERVIEW

ORGANS:

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra KIDNEYS
  • Bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs located from T12 to L3 vertebrae.
  • Held in position by peri-renal fat and fascia. GROSS ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY
  • Concave (medial) side: hilum (entry/exit of blood vessels and renal pelvis).
  • Convex (lateral) side: covered by fibrous connective tissue. INTERNAL FEATURES
  • Contains 5–8 conical renal pyramids.
  • Renal columns lie between pyramids.
  • Base and sides form one renal lobe. NEPHRON (STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT)
  1. Glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. Collecting tubules and ducts RENAL CORPUSCLE Composed of glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) for filtration. Bowman’s capsule: a. Parietal layer (simple squamous) b. Visceral layer (podocytes) CELLS WITHIN GLOMERULUS
  • Mesangial cells: provide structural support, phagocytosis, and immune functions.
  • Podocytes: part of filtration barrier separating blood from capillaries. FLOW OF URINE Nephron → Arched collecting tubule → Straight collecting tubules → Papillary ducts → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra URINARY BLADDER
  • Smooth, distensible muscular sac posterior to pubic symphysis.
  • Has two inlets (ureters) and one outlet (urethra) forming vesical trigone.

URETHRA

  • Thin muscular tube draining urine from bladder to exterior.
  • Two sphincters:
  • Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) near bladder.
  • External urethral sphincter (voluntary) at urogenital diaphragm.
  • Female urethra: 3–4 cm; conducts urine only.
  • Male urethra: ~20 cm; conducts urine and semen. MALE GENITALIA FUNCTIONS
  • Production and transport of sperm.
  • Production of male sex hormones (androgen and testosterone). EXTERNAL GENITALIA
  • Penis
  • Scrotum (contains testes, epididymis, part of vas deferens) SCROTUM
  • Contains dartos muscle regulating temperature (2–3°C below body temperature for sperm viability). PENIS
  • Parts: body, root, glans penis.
  • Body contains two corpora cavernosa (vascular cavities) and one corpus spongiosum (ventral).
  • Root: bulb (covered by bulbospongiosus muscle), crura (covered by ischiocavernosus muscle).
  • Glans: distal end with multiple nerve endings, covered by prepuce (foreskin). TESTIS
  • Descends into scrotum from abdomen.
  • Covered by tunica albuginea, subdivided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules. IMPORTANT CELLS IN TESTIS
  • Spermatogenic cells: sperm-forming.
  • Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells: support spermatogenic cells.
  • Leydig cells: produce testosterone. MALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS
  • Epididymis (site of sperm maturation and storage).
  • Vas deferens (ductus deferens).
  • Ejaculatory duct.
  • Urethra. EPIDIDYMIS
  • Comma-shaped, ~4 cm long, posterior to testes; consists of head, body, tail.
  • Functions: sperm maturation (~10-14 days), storage, and propulsion to vas deferens. VAS DEFERENS
  • Continuation of epididymis, ~45 cm long.
  • Ligaments: mesovarium, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament.
  • Hormones: progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin. PHASES OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
  • Menstrual phase
  • Preovulatory phase
  • Ovulation
  • Postovulatory phase MAMMARY GLAND
  • Over pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
  • Supported by suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments.
  • Composed of skin (areola and nipple), subcutaneous fat, and corpus mammae (15–20 lobules).
  • Lobules contain alveoli surrounded by myoepithelial cells that propel milk.
  • Mammary (lactiferous) ducts carry milk to lactiferous sinus near nipple for storage.

FLASHCARDS

Q: Name the four main organs of the urinary system.

A: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Q: What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A: The nephron.

Q: What are the two layers of Bowman's capsule?

A: Parietal layer (simple squamous) and visceral layer (podocytes).

Q: What muscles regulate scrotal temperature?

A: Dartos muscle.

Q: What are the three parts of the penis?

A: Body, root, glans penis.

Q: Name the three types of cells found in the testis.

A: Spermatogenic cells, sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, Leydig cells.

Q: What are the main components of semen?

A: Seminal fluid and sperm cells.

Q: What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?

A: Production and transport of ovum, and production of female sex hormones.

Q: What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A: Transport of ovum and site of fertilization.

Q: What are the four layers of the uterus?

A: Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (stratum functionalis and stratum basalis).

Q: What hormone relaxes the uterus during pregnancy?

A: Relaxin.

Q: What structures compose the mammary gland?

A: Skin (areola and nipple), subcutaneous fatty tissue, and corpus mammae (lobules and alveoli).

Q: Describe the flow of urine from formation to excretion.

A: Nephron → collecting tubules → papillary ducts → minor calyx → major calyx → renal

pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra.

Q: How does the scrotum regulate temperature for sperm production?

A: The dartos muscle contracts to pull scrotum closer to body in cold and relaxes to hang loosely

in warmth.

Q: What is the role of Leydig cells in the testis?

A: Secretion of testosterone.

Q: How do seminal vesicles contribute to semen?

A: They secrete alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic environments and provide nutrients and

prostaglandins for sperm viability.

Q: What is the significance of the hymen in females?

A: It is a vascularized membrane partially blocking the vaginal orifice.

Q: How does the endometrium prepare for implantation?

A: It thickens under estrogen and progesterone influence, providing a vascularized site for

embryo implantation.

Q: What is the function of the lactiferous sinus?

A: Storage of milk near the nipple.

Q: Why is the female menstrual cycle divided into phases?

A: Each phase represents hormonal and physiological changes preparing for ovulation,

fertilization, or menstruation.