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Experiment 9
PID Controller
Objective:
- To be familiar with PID controller.
- Noting how changing PID controller parameter effect on system response.
Theory:
The basic function of a controller is to execute an algorithm (electronic controller) based on the control engineer's input (tuning constants), the operators desired operating value (set-point) and the current plant process value. In most cases, the requirement is for the controller to act so that the process value is as close to the set-point as possible. In a basic process control loop, the control engineer utilises the PID algorithms to achieve this.
The PID control algorithm is used for the control of almost all loops in the process industries, and is also the basis for many advanced control algorithms and strategies, In order for control loops to work properly.
A block diagram of a PID controller
As an example considers a heating tank in which some liquid is heated to a desired temperature by burning fuel gas. The process variable y is the temperature of the liquid, and the manipulated variable u is the flow of fuel gas. The mission of controller is to control the flow of fuel and PID controller control how the gas will flow, that will appear as an output response. In our experiment we will note by changing PID parameter how we can change either the transient or the force response.
Proportional term
The proportional term (sometimes called gain ) makes a change to the output that is proportional to the current error value. The proportional response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a constant Kp , called the proportional gain. The proportional term is given by:
where P out: Proportional term of output Kp : Proportional gain, a tuning parameter SP : Setpoint, the desired value PV : Process value (or process variable), the measured value e : Error = SP − PV t : Time or instantaneous time (the present)
A high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error. If the proportional gain is too high, the system can become unstable. In contrast, a small gain results in a small output response to a large input error, and a less responsive (or sensitive) controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the control action may be too small when responding to system disturbances.
Figure (1): Plot of step response vs time, For three values of Kp (Ki and Kd held constant)
Integral term
The contribution from the integral term (sometimes called reset ) is proportional to both the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error. Summing the instantaneous error over time (integrating the error) gives the accumulated offset that should have been corrected previously. The accumulated error is then multiplied by the integral gain and added to the controller output. The magnitude of
The derivative term is given by:
where
D out: Derivative term of output Kd : Derivative gain, a tuning parameter SP : Setpoint, the desired value PV : Process value (or process variable), the measured value e : Error = SP − PV t : Time or instantaneous time (the present)
The derivative term slows the rate of change of the controller output and this effect is most noticeable close to the controller setpoint. Hence, derivative control is used to reduce the magnitude of the overshoot produced by the integral component and improve the combined controller-process stability. However, differentiation of a signal amplifies noise and thus this term in the controller is highly sensitive to noise in the error term, and can cause a process to become unstable if the noise and the derivative gain are sufficiently large. Hence an approximation to a differentiator with a limited bandwidth is more commonly used.
Figure (3): Plot of step response vs time, For three values of Kd (Ki and Kp held constant)
Summary
The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID
controller. Defining u ( t ) as the controller output, the final form of the PID algorithm is:
where the tuning parameters are: Proportional gain, Kp Larger values typically mean faster response since the larger the error, the larger the proportional term compensation. An excessively large proportional gain will lead to process instability and oscillation. Integral gain, Ki Larger values imply steady state errors are eliminated more quickly. The trade-off is larger overshoot: any negative error integrated during transient response must be integrated away by positive error before reaching steady state. Derivative gain, Kd Larger values decrease overshoot, but slow down transient response and may lead to instability due to signal noise amplification in the differentiation of the error.
Lab work:
1-download control simulation and design tool box to lab view.
2- Construct the block diagram shown in figure4 , use the following transfer function
3-change PID controller parameters Kd,Ki and Kp and note the change on system transient response.
4- Fill table 1 with one of the following options
- Decrease
- Increase
- Eliminate
- No change.
