Exploring Explicit and Implicit Memory: A Deep Dive into Neuropsychological Research, Slides of Cognitive Psychology

Download Exploring Explicit and Implicit Memory: A Deep Dive into Neuropsychological Research and more Slides Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Long-Term Memory - Distinctions Explicit memory - conscious memory Implicit memory - memory without awareness

Explicit and Implicit Memory Implicit Memory Discovered - H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957) coronal section (i.e., cut) tissue removed

Explicit and Implicit Memory Warrington & Weizkrantz (1970) - Healthy controls and amnesics Explicit memory task - recognition memory Implicit memory task - word fragment completion

Explicit and Implicit Memory Warrington & Weizkrantz (1970) - Healthy controls and amnesics Implicit memory task - word fragment completion "Study List 1” “Study List 2” "Test List ” elephant elevator e_e_h_n_ e_e_a_t_r market monkey m_r_e_ m_n_e_ doctor diamond d_c_o_ d_a_o_d closet clever c_o_e_ c_e_e_ ladder lover l_d_e_ l_v_r etc. etc. etc.

Groups who show deficits in explicit memory but not implicit memory

1. participants under the influence of alcohol
2. older adults
3. children
4. patients under anesthesia
5. individuals with depression

Healthy College Students (Jacoby, 1983) 3 Conditions:

1. no context: xxxx - dark
2. context: light - dark
3. generate: light - ???? Larry Jacoby

Healthy College Students (Jacoby, 1983) 3 Conditions:

1. no context: xxxx - dark
2. context: light - dark
3. generate: light - ???? Participants - given 1 of 2 tests: A) Explicit - Standard Recognition B) Implicit - Tachistoscopic Identification

Data driven tasks Conceptually driven tasks emphasize stimulus characteristics emphasize semantic processes Perceptual ID Recognition Memory benefits from seeing word benefits from generating antonym

Transfer Appropriate Processing and Implicit Memory Weldon & Roediger (1987) "Study" List - participants study Pictures Words "Test" List - participant completes ONE Picture Fragment Completion Word Fragment Completion

s_x_p_o_e study saxophone item test item

0

pictures w ords 0

pictures w ords Picture Fragment Completion Word Fragment Completion pictures words pictures words Weldon & Roediger (1987) Study Item Study Item Test Test

Example for word association study - generate pleasantness rating dinner, anger, summer, frown, etc. test – generate associate of studied words supper, hate, vacation, sad test – generate associate of unstudied words chair, cloud, match, broom

Explicit and implicit memory - separate memory systems? single dissociation

• patients disrupted on EM only
• could reflect resources
  • single memory system, but EM requires more resources double dissociation
• patient disrupted on EM and not IM (which we have)
• patient disrupted on IM and EM (what we need)