FACILITATING LEARNING, Exercises of Literature

Download FACILITATING LEARNING and more Exercises Literature in PDF only on Docsity!

FACILITATING

LEARNING

LEARNING - It is a relatively permanent change in one's

behavior as a result of his interaction in the environment.

3 Important Concepts in Learning

I. Change

Learning involves change in knowledge or behavior.

BEHAVIORAL THEORIST - Learning consists of changes in behavior.

COGNITIVE THEORIST - Learning involves changes in knowledge.

METACOGNITION

Coined by John Flavell

Means "thinking about thinking" or "learning how to

learn“

It involves higher order thinking which involves active

awareness and control over the cognitive processes

engaged in learning.

3 Categories of Metacognitive Knowledge

I. Person variables

This includes how one views himself as a learner and thinker.

Refers to knowledge about how human beings learn and

process information, as well as individual knowledge of one's

own learning processes.

II. Task variables

Include knowledge about the nature of the task as well as the

type of processing demands that it will place upon the

individual.

BEHAVIORISM

Emphasizes conditioning behavior and altering the environment

to elicit selected responses from the learner.

This dominated much of the 20th century psychology.

Audio-lingual is based here.

I. Connectionism - Edward Lee Thorndike (Founder of Behavior

Psychology)

Defined teaching as arranging the classroom to enhance

desirable connections and associations.

Focused on testing the relationship between a stimulus and a

response (classical conditioning).

Defined learning as habit formation

II. Classical Conditioning

Also known as respondent conditioning refers to a form of

learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 or more

different stimuli.

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Russian psychologist

Nobel Prize winner 1904 for work on digestion

First to study classical conditioning

In his famous experiments with dogs, he showed that a desired

response can be elicited when paired repeatedly with a stimulus.

4 Key Elements That Are Used To Describe

The Process Of Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus

stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response. Unconditioned Response

response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

reflexive, involuntary response that is predictably caused by a UCS. Conditioned Stimulus

the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the UCR.

Produces learned response. Conditioned Response learned response that is produced by the CS.

The CR occurs after the CS has been associated with the UCS.

4. Stimulus Generalization - the tendency for another stimulus to

produce a response that is similar to the CR. The greater the

similarity between the stimuli, the greater the possibility that a

generalization will occur.

5. Stimulus Discrimination - Stimulus discrimination occurs when a

person or animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other

stimulus that is similar to the CS.

III. Operant Conditioning – B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

The term "operant conditioning" originated by the behaviorist

B.F. Skinner, who believed that one should focus on the external,

observable causes of behavior (rather than try to unpack the

internal thoughts and motivations).

"All we need to know in order to describe and explain behavior is

this: actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur and

actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur."

(Skinner, 1953)

REINFORCEMENT PUNISHMENT

POSITIVE (add) Add Pleasant Add Unpleasant

NEGATIVE

(remove)

Remove

Unpleasant

Remove Pleasant

IV. Social Cognitive Theory – Albert Bandura

Human beings have specific abilities related to learning that sets

them apart from other species.

Social cognitive theory states that there are three characteristics

that are unique to humans:

Vicarious consequences (Model and imitate others)

Self-efficacy (self-reflection)

Performance standards and moral conduct (Ability to regulate

one's own behavior)

He believes that people acquire behaviors through the observation of

others, then imitate what they have observed.

Albert Bandura believed television was a source of behavior modeling.

Models are classified as:

1. Real Life - exemplified by teachers, parents and significant others 2. Symbolic - presented through oral or written symbols 3. Representational - presented through audio-visual measures

COGNITIVISM

The cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the "black box" of

the mind should be opened and understood. The learner is viewed

as an information processer (like a computer).