Faculty Guide line for broadcast, Essays (university) of Telecommunications Engineering

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Whistling Woods

International

MEV___-

_____

Introduction to

Broadcast

Facilitator Guide

MEV__-____: Introduction to Broadcast

This course introduces students to -------------------------------------

Session 1: Introduction to Broadcast

This session we get introduced to Broadcast in-depth.

Session Plan

Session 1: Introduction to Broadcast

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic

Objectives Time In

Minutes

Introductory session The news content is usually either produced locally

in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or

by a broadcast network. Do you all agree? Why?

15 Minutes

Broadcast News – What

is Broadcast News?

News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio, or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network. It may also include additional material such as sports coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary, and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience.

140 Minutes

Summary Summarize the Learning Points 30 Minutes

Time

Content

15 Minutes Introductory Session

Minutes

Start the session with the following points:

Ask students:

• What is News? What is the difference between news and information?
• When did you hear the news last and in which media?
• What do think how many media’s available for news?
• Is mobile one of the news modem? Mobile uses which news media to deliver news?

Session 2: Introduction to Broadcast (continued)

This session we get introduced to Broadcast in-depth.

Session Plan

Session 2: Introduction to Broadcast(continued)

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic Objectives Time In Minutes

New Communication

Technologies in India

New Communication Technologies in India

The telecommunication, satellite communication and computer communication technological applications constitute the gamut of ‘new media’ in modern society. India also achieved commendable progress in the field of communication science and technology. The telecommunication, satellite communication and computer communication technological applications constitute the gamut of ‘new media’ in modern society. The basis of the information revolution in India is the technological revolution in telecommunications, computers and electronic media. There has been a convergence of technologies relating to different areas of communication such as telephone, telegraph, radio, TV, Internet and data networks. The new media have been rightly considered as the instruments of development by the scholars all over the world. The new media have grown considerably in India which is heading in the right

80 Minutes

direction with the development of new media in modern society. India has become a prominent nation in the world for the development and application of new communication technologies which have become effective instruments of education and development. Eminent communication scholars and scientists have prepared grounds for the conduction of new media experiments in the country.

The Future of Indian

Communication Media

The media in India are by and large subjected to state and private ownership. The media in India have become more and more class self-conscious and displayed the sense of profit maximization which has cost national interest dearly. The media have grown enormously in India but today the demassification’s of media demassifise our minds as well according to Toffler (1992:187). The power of media as watch dogs of public interest has certainly gone down greatly in India in the age of globalization. The ascendancy of a new kind of globalization of finance has made the process of media management vulnerable. The media institutions have become tools of intellectual hegemony imposed by the market forces which exercise media power in relation to economic issues and compulsions. Under these circumstances, the state should design professionally sound and socially accountable regulatory and governance mechanisms for media management which need to be put in place in the modern times in India. The media functions are assessed by the scholars during different occasions.

80 Minutes

Summary, QA and

discussion

Summarize and discuss some of the vital points 15 Minutes

Time

Content

15 Minutes Introductory Session

80 minutes To start the session briefly explain the below new media.

• Telecommunication
• Satellite Communication
• Computer Communication

Find below the relevant content for reference.

New Communication Technologies in India

delivery of public services. The citizen service centres were set up for one stop and non-stop delivery of services to the public. The India Portal is a user- friendly portal of all government web sites for providing information and delivery of services on the policies and programmes of the government. Several state governments also launched innovative steps to promote e-governance across the country. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Karnataka emerged as model states in the application of new media for development purposes.

Manjappa (2014:110) notes: “In reality, India has become an information/data processing service provider to the world. In India, telecommunication has become a substitute for transport as the information collection role of transport is minimized due to information flows which are efficient and cost effective. The technological advances have made possible the unbundling of telecom services in India. The market based approach has been accepted and implemented in India which is known for investment de-licensing and free entry, rational pricing of natural resource, regulation of queasy natural monopoly elements and tax and subsidy for social objectives. The emergence of cable TV and wireless technology has brought about the natural monopoly position which has urban and rural utility. The government has complete authority over all physical channels of communication including television and radio broadcast”. The social concerns are met through a cross tax subsidy scheme. There is no economic rationale for any license fees and charges on account of full cost pricing of all telecom services in India. In the present times, the social media have also become prominent tools of multi-faceted development of the country on the basis of interactive and democratized communication in urban and rural areas.

India has also achieved commendable progress in the field of social media applications for multi- purposes. The recent Parliament Elections-2014 was conducted by the major political parties with the active utilization of social media for political mobilization and engineering the consent of the voters. The communication and information specialists have adopted the state of the art strategies for the effective management of new media for various developmental activities in the new era.

80 minutes Find below are the pointers to be covered:

• State owned media
• Private owned media
• (^) Changes in media globalization
• Diferrence between class media vs mass media

Find below are the relevant content for reference.

The Future of Indian Communication Media

The media in India are by and large subjected to state and private ownership. The media in India have become more and more class self-conscious and displayed the sense of profit maximization which has cost national interest dearly. The media have grown enormously in India but today the demassification of media demassifize our minds as well according to Toffler (1992:187). The power of media as watch dogs of public interest has certainly gone down greatly in India in the age of globalization. The ascendancy of a new kind of globalization of finance has made the process of media management vulnerable. The media institutions have become tools of intellectual hegemony imposed by the market forces which exercise media power in relation to economic issues and compulsions. Under these circumstances, the state should design professionally sound and socially accountable regulatory and governance mechanisms for media

management which need to be put in place in the modern times in India. The media functions are assessed by the scholars during different occasions. Media critics have lamented that media ownership and management patterns are largely responsible for the existing state of affairs of media in India. The media are known for entertainment and advertisement priorities which have undermined the education and development obligations in the new millennium.

The socio-economic issues are not seriously debated in the electronic media which are profit center institutions. The critics have also noted that media serve the interests of state and corporate power which are closely interlinked. The propaganda of state controlled television and radio are widely ridiculed in the Indian public arena. But the press and new media are also known for manufacturing the consent of people in favour of the business and political endeavors of dominant powers in modern society.

Guru and Mariswamy (2014:62) state: “India has experienced the bright side and dark sides of globalization from economic development and media management points of view. India has also emerged as a prominent media power in the world over a period of time. The culture of Indian media is also changing due to several factors including media imperialism of dominant powers which rule the roost in the media and economic sectors. The media industry has undergone sweeping changes in India in the age of globalization. The sovereignty of the nation and autonomy of the media are affected by the neo- colonial forces which own, control and direct the media which have become the main carrier’s consumer capitalism in India and abroad. The Indian corporate sector has primarily depended on corporate advertising and communication practices to generate income and build reputation in the present times. The reckless liberalization of economy and ruthless media imperialism has created a new consumerist society in India over a period of time. The globalization of media in India poses a wide range of questions which need to be answered by the stakeholders of national development”. The growing media monopoly and the consequent alienation from the constitutional obligations have serious implications for the future of the media institutions in India. The critics of globalization have given a serious thought to the formulation of national communication policy in India in order to safeguard the public interest in accordance with the ethical norms, professional obligations and constitutional provisions.

Somanath Chatterji had called upon the owners and professionals to function responsibly in Indian society. Sham Lal (2003:101) cautions: “Whatever the media gurus might say the truth is that a visual culture, for all the extravagant hopes invested in it will remain a matter of service. The idea of death is strange to it. How can it be otherwise when it is run by market forces and rigged competition permits new hegemonies not only in the field of new industries but also in the media in any case unjust to blame the media alone for trivialization. The business of commodifying is a collective enterprise in which the main actor on the political stage plays a more decisive role and those who merely report or comment on what goes on in places where big decisions are made. In tele-democracy many speak. In the first many are lost in one; in the second one is lost in many. In a pathological, pluralistic society like India, a government can find lose its way assigned as it has all the time to buy many discontent voices each imploring to go in different directions.

The media does its bit in adding to the mayhem. Looking at the way the television is conducting itself is clear that all the evils of globalization is being manifested through various television programmes.” The mainstream electronic media have failed to check the menace of globalization in India. The electronic media have resorted to mind pollution, guerilla advertising and other unethical practices which have harmed the public interest in India. The tendency of cross ownership has brought about the decline of the standard of broadcasting in India. However, All India Radio and Doordarshan have not compromised with professional and constitutional obligations and standards. They are facing the worst possible competition from the private channels which have taken the professional values and audience for granted. Hence, the functioning of electronic media including the private channels needs to be disciplined and standardized in India through proper broadcasting policy initiatives. As regards new media management, the policy

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic Objectives Time In Minutes

Introductory Session Do you think radio Journalism got ignored after TV came in?

Make the learners to participate.

15 minutes

Natures of Broadcast

Journalism

a. Radio Journalism

Radio is the fastest broadcast media that transmits the news from

a very long run. It covers the important issues and public events

on a daily basis. With the help of use of high quality, cassette

recorder, radio reporters are making natural sound and

interviews which provide greater information to their reports.

BBC radio (1922) and voice of America 1942 have played the

important role to strengthen and spread the radio journalism.

Likewise, China Radio International (CRI) and All India and

Radio (AIR) have a large role in popularizing radio journalism.

40 Minutes

Radio Broadcasting in

India

The British colonial rule was responsible for the commencement

of radio broadcasting as an instrument of political propaganda in

India. It was developed as a prominent means of communication

in the post-independence era in India. Radio has certain in-built

characteristics that have made it an inexpensive medium of

communication and the actual number of listeners has absolutely

no effect on production expenses. The public radio and private

radio have developed in India over a period of time on account

of territorial spread, notional reach of the population and

development broadcasting services.

40 minutes

FM Broadcasting in India FM (frequency modulation) means the encoding of carrier

waves, such as the sound wave or audio signals of a radio or TV

stations, by the variation-modulating-of its frequency resulting

in little or no static and high fidelity of original sound in

reception. FM radio stations, from 88 to 108 megahertz, in the

VH1 Band (30-300 MHZ) produce reception superior to that of

AM or amplitude modulation stations, particularly of music in

the high frequency range. Birth of FM Edwin Howard

Armstrong demonstrated a new invention, frequency modulated

radio or FM in the mid-1930s.

60 minutes

Summary Summarize the learning points 30 minutes

Time

Content

15 Minutes Introductory Session

40 minutes First explain the natures of broadcast journalism:

• Radio journalism
• TV journalism

• Online Journalism

Forms of journalism like:

• Photo journalism
• Documentary etc

Find below the detailed content for reference

Natures of Broadcast Journalism

Radio Journalism

Radio is the fastest broadcast media that transmits the news from a very long run. It covers the important issues and public events on a daily basis. With the help of use of high quality, cassette recorder, radio reporters are making natural sound and interviews which provide greater information to their reports. BBC radio (1922) and voice of America 1942 have played the important role to strengthen and spread the radio journalism. Likewise, China Radio International (CRI) and All India and Radio (AIR) have a large role in popularizing radio journalism. Radio journalism was flourished with the establishment of Nepal Radio in 1951. After that private radio journalism was started by Community Radio Sagarmatha F.M 102. MHz since 1997 in Nepal and South Asia. This journalism is more effective for it quick and cheap service which can be carried out without any barrier.

40 minutes Pointers below are to be covered are:

• Post India Radio Broadcast
• Public Radio
• Private Radio
• Low cost media
• Community Radio
• Radio now and earlier and then
• Commercial Radio
• FM and its role

Find below the detailed content for your reference.

Radio Broadcasting in India

The British colonial rule was responsible for the commencement of radio broadcasting as an instrument of political propaganda in India. It was developed as a prominent means of communication in the post-independence era in India. Radio has certain in-built characteristics

• What do you think is the future of FM?
• IS FM is here to stay?
• What is immediate competition to FM?
• (^) Is FM analog or Digital?
• Also Explain them in detail about various hurdles faced by FM in India.

Find below are the content relevant for your reference.

FM Broadcasting in India

FM (frequency modulation) means the encoding of carrier waves, such as the sound wave or audio signals of a radio or TV stations, by the variation-modulating-of its frequency resulting in little or no static and high fidelity of original sound in reception. FM radio stations, from 88 to 108 megahertz, in the VH1 Band (30-300 MHZ) produce reception superior to that of AM or amplitude modulation stations, particularly of music in the high frequency range. Birth of FM Edwin Howard Armstrong demonstrated a new invention, frequency modulated radio or FM in the mid-1930s. He set up his own transmitter for demonstrations and sold the rights to manufacture FM receiving sets to several companies in America by 1940. The World WarII added a new dimension to the growth of FM broadcasting in the globe. The FM radio faced several hurdles in its development thereafter. But, the conditions improved by the early 1960s. In 1965, the FCC enacted the no duplication rule with a view to facilitate the development of FM stations. In 1970s, FM broadcasting emerged as a profit oriented industry in America and other nations of the world. Profits substantially increased for FM since it captured a large 30 number of listening audiences. Frequency Modulation (FM) was first introduced in the 1930s but languished untill 1960s, because few radio sets could receive FM and few homes had high fidelity sound systems that could take advantage of FM's improved sound quality. Most of the FM stations simulcast the same material broadcast on AM, and the same companies as AM stations owned FM stations. FM began to develop faster after the Frequency Control Commission (FCC) Limited AM /half of the American radio audience listened to FM programs.

The early FM stations were devoted mostly to classical music and required special FM sets. The decade of 1990s witnessed the remarkable development of FM radio since more than 70% of the audience listened to the FM radio while less than 30% of the audience depended on AM radio according to empirical evidence. Indian Scenario FM broadcasting began in Madras on July 23, 1977 for the first time in India. Until 1993, All India Radio or AIR, a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. Later on the FM radio stations were established in big metro cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow and other places in 1990s. The Government of India privatized the radio broadcasting sector and sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators who developed their own program patterns and contents. The government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India in the age of economic liberalization. Phase I The Government of India, during the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), adopted a policy for improving variety of content and quality of radio broadcasting that allowed fully owned Indian companies to set up private FM radio stations.

30 minutes Summary

Session 4: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (TV Journalism)

This session we cover study Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (TV Journalism)

Session Plan

Session 4: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (TV Journalism)

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic Objectives Time In Minutes

Introductory Session Television Journalism involves writing, shooting, editing and

packaging of news reports, features, documentaries. Make

learners participate.

15 Minutes

Television Journalism Television as a broadcast media has successfully played the role

of spreading journalism through the broadcast events as

Watergate news, sensational, criminal trials, television and so

on. Television reports are often considered to be the important

source of news in the time of crisis. The invention of cable

channels in the United States since the mid-1970s has given

greater strength to regulate a variety of news channels.

90 minutes

Television Broadcasting

in India

The electronic media have grown considerably on account of

liberalization of electronic media and granting of autonomy.

Television has become the most popular and effective medium

of communication in the world. In India, the television has

enhanced its reach and penetration. Doordarshan is the public

television institution which is owned, managed and controlled

by the Prasar Bharathi Corporation. The private television

channels are posing several challenges to the public telecasting

in India. In the present times, there are about 1000 foreign and

domestic television channels which are competing with

Doordarshan in India.

90 Minutes

Summary Summarize the learning points 15 Minutes

Time

Content

15 Minutes Introductory Session

90 Minutes Explain the learners with following points:

• Similarities between TV journalism and Radio journalism
• When was the first TV program started and by whom. (Doordarshan)

The commercialization and self-financing of Doordarshan was encouraged by the increasingly neo-liberal governments of the new age of economic liberalization which has facilitated networking among media professionals. This has revolutionized news, printing, editing and reportage. Bhatia (2002:23) observes: “The rapid expansion of the television services has provided more entertainment and advertisement services. In the 1980s, television became a quasi-commercial medium and commercialization of Indian broadcasting increased after globalization. The Nehru – Sarabhai approach of tapping the communication revolution in general and television in particular, as a major tool for the development of the masses had been ignored. The entry of foreign satellite channels eroded whatever little the national electronic media had been doing for socio-economic development in spite of the pressures of commercialization. The marketization has changed the content and role of television from development to entertainment – oriented. Globalization has further pushed the culture of consumerism with television being the main carrier of consumer capitalism around the world”.

15 minutes Summary

Session 5: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Online Journalism)

This session we cover study Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Online Journalism)

Session Plan

Session 5: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Online Journalism)

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic Objectives Time In Minutes

Introductory Session What is the difference between Online and digital

journalism?

15 Minutes

Online/ Web Journalism Online Journalism “Networked Publics,” University

of Southern California, provides the following

definition of Online Journalism, “Online journalism

refers to news content produced and/or distributed

via the Internet, particularly material created by

journalists who work for mainstream market driven

news organizations.”

While blogs and other emerging forms of online

news communication are widely acknowledged as

significantly influencing mainstream news content

both on and offline, they are considered here a

distinct phenomenon and treated under the category

of alternative media.

80 minutes

History of Online News

in India

Indian online journalism had taken different shapes and rhythm in different online projects. In August 1995, full- scale Internet service began in India intended for public access by means of the Videsh Sanchar Nigam, India’s overseas communications agency. This paved way to rapid diffusion of Internet communication nationwide (estimated 150 million Internet users in 2009, as reported in Online and Upcoming: The Internets Impact on India). In spite of a yawning digital divide, modern communication systems in Indian cities co-exist with abysmal connectivity in the isolated villages, where a majority of India’s population lives.

80 Minutes

Summary Summarize the learning points of IPR 15 Minutes

Time

Content

• Where are heading towards?
• Innovations
• Has internet journalism has changed the news as instant information

History of Online News in India

Indian online journalism had taken different shapes and rhythm in different online projects. In August 1995, full-scale Internet service began in India intended for public access by means of the Videsh Sanchar Nigam, India’s overseas communications agency. This paved way to rapid diffusion of Internet communication nationwide (estimated 150 million Internet users in 2009, as reported in Online and Upcoming: The Internets Impact on India). In spite of a yawning digital divide, modern communication systems in Indian cities co-exist with abysmal connectivity in the isolated villages, where a majority of India’s population lives.

Mobile phones have become the dominant mode for telephony in rural areas compared to traditional landline phones, mobile phones. In rural areas fewer people own phones and it was easy to link distant villages with cost-efficient installation of mobile infrastructure. Also to the urban consumers mobiles phones provide similar flexibility and convenience. India had the world’s fastest growing mobile phone market.

India plans to double its phone subscriber base to 700 million users by 2012, which covers almost 70 percent of the country’s population. The number of phone users or India’s teledensity for every 100 individuals stands 13% in rural areas and 72% in urban areas. The national average was 32%. In October 2008, out of 364 million telephone subscribers 326 million were mobile phone users. India adopted the third generation (3G) mobile technology in 2009, which provides users access to high-end data applications, including high speed interactive gaming and access, to internet video conferencing and streaming and other multimedia features on the phone. In recent times, due to the abominable growth of the internet in India it had caused a spurt in online journalism which includes news web sites, crowd-sourced citizen journalism, blogs and even wikis that had permeated the national consciousness. Since 2000, India’s online journalism has exposed a variety of issues such as political corruption as in the case of Thehelka, misuse of state funds and match-fixing in professional cricket, India’s favourite pastime.

Minutes

Summary

Session 6: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Photo Journalism)

This session we cover understanding Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Photo Journalism)

Session Plan

Session 6: Types/Forms of Broadcast Journalism. (Photo Journalism)

Total Time: 3 Hours

Topic Objectives Time In Minutes

Introductory Session Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that

employs images in order to tell news. Do you agree? Make the learners participate.

15 minutes

Photo Journalism and

elements of Photography

Photo Journalism

Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, and in some cases to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism can fall under all subjects’ of photography but the image needs to be news wordy to end up being published. There are two types of photojournalism. The first type is where an image is used to illustrate a story.

Elements of Photography

• Point of Interest

85 Minutes