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FBLA JOURNALISM STUDY GUIDE
Add - Answers - Shorthand for "additional," add refers to additional text written for an article analyst - Answers - An analyst provides background information for a news story to help audiences understand the subject matter more fully. Attribution - Answers - This term refers to the credit given to the source of a quote or piece of information referenced in an article. The term is not limited to quotes given to the journalist from interviewees. Court documents, scientific studies, and transcribed speeches are all examples of sources that require attribution. anonymous source definition - Answers - As the name suggests, an anonymous source is an interviewee that has requested to obscure their identity in a published article. This type of secrecy can raise skepticism from readers since they cannot determine the source's credibility for themselves — emphasizing the importance of attribution. AP Style definition - Answers - The Associated Press Style Guide outlines the industry- standard expectations on grammar, numeral formatting, and the use of common words or phrases. Banner - Answers - This attention-grabbing headline features the largest font on the page and spans the entire width of the paper. Beat Reporting - Answers - a reporter's specific area of focus on a particular issue, sector, organization, or institution. This can be as general as "politics," "business," or "environmental science," or as specific as an individual politician, company, or area of research Beat-Up - Answers - Though this news story may have once been based on a real event, the details have been grossly sensationalized (see below) to the point where it can no longer be considered the truth. Below the Fold - Answers - The term comes from traditional newspaper publishing when there was an actual physical fold in the middle of the paper. The most important news typically printed "above the fold," aka anything that would be seen even while the paper was folded, often on newsstands. This, naturally, served as the inspiration for our newsletter! In a digital world, the term has continued, referring to the section of a web page that is only visible after scrolling down. Similarly, all content visible upon landing on a webpage is then "above the fold."
Breaking News - Answers - unexpected events that are considered important enough to interrupt the network's regularly scheduled program. bright - Answers - a short, quirky news story, usually between one and three paragraphs in length. Broadcast Journalism - Answers - the distribution of news content through electrical means, such as radio, television, and the Internet. Broadsheet - Answers - one of the two most common newspaper formats. These large papers usually run 29.5 by 23.5 inches in length. If you've ever seen an older relative read a newspaper large enough to conceal the top half of his or her body, that person is probably holding a broadsheet. Bulldog - Answers - Early edition, usually the first of a newspaper. Byline - Answers - a line at the head of a newspaper article carrying the author's name circulation - Answers - the number of copies distributed during the day columnist - Answers - one who writes pieces that express his or her opinions on a particular subject and allow their personality to show through their work. conformation bias - Answers - The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief copy - Answers - the written text and images that make up an article. correspondent - Answers - journalist who covers a particular beat (see above) or reports from the location of critical news events. Crony Journalism - Answers - This practice refers to heavily biased coverage that overlooks or downplays news that reflects poorly on the reporter's personal contacts. cut - Answers - the act of deleting written copy. It can also refer to an image or photograph used in the article. cutline - Answers - refers to the caption underneath an image. Dateline - Answers - This is the first line of an article that states the time and location during which the story takes place. deck/dek - Answers - The dek is a 1-2 sentence summary of the article below. Editorial - Answers - This is an opinionated article written by an editor at a news organization, which represents the organization's view on a particular subject.
straight to the facts, only reporting the most important information needed to understand the story HED (Headline) - Answers - The hed refers to the title of the news story Hold For Release(H.F.R) - Answers - Material on "H.F.R." can not be published by the news outlet before an agreed-upon release deadline. Hold for orders (H.F.O) - Answers - Sometimes, articles are drafted months in advance, in anticipation of events to come. These "Hold For Orders" (H.F.O.s) typically cover scheduled events such as elections and sports games, but they can also be written in anticipation of newsworthy occurrences. Reporters often draft multiple versions of these articles, preparing for all possible outcomes Hyperlocal news - Answers - events and information that are most important to their immediate and local audience Investigative journalism - Answers - Investigative journalism refers to reporting that reveals hidden scandals and other closeted skeletons. These pieces usually demand more time and research than other news stories, since they involve unearthing information that powerful figures have gone to great lengths to keep secret. Kicker - Answers - essentially refers to a witty phrase or remark that catches a reader's attention. kill - Answers - In the newsroom, this term refers to the act of deleting a section of copy (see above) or an entire news story. Libeel - Answers - a written form of defamation, refers to the publishing of false statements to damage a person or organization's reputation Line - Answers - Banner literal - Answers - another word for a typo or spelling mistake. masthead - Answers - An area in a newsletter, typically placed on the second page, that includes the publisher's contact information and reprint policy. microlocal journalism - Answers - hyperlocal journalism synonym morgue - Answers - refers to a library of back issues or news clippings stored within a news building Nameplate - Answers - The area at the top of the first page of a newsletter that contains the title and date of the publication.
the "big four" newsgathering ageencies - Answers - Associated Press, Agence France- Presse, Reuters, and United Press International Not for attribution - Answers - This term refers to information that a reporter receives, but is not allowed to credit to a source. The reporter is permitted to share the information given, and may even quote their source directly, as long as their identity remains secret. Usually, sources are referred to by their occupation or a descriptor that showcases their expertise on the subject. Nutgraf - Answers - the paragraph — usually right after the lede (see above) — briefly describes the most important details of the story On background - Answers - When a source agrees to go "on background" for a story, the reporter is permitted to share the information given, as long as the source is not mentioned by name or directly quoted. op-ed - Answers - This is an opinion piece written by a guest writer. overnight - Answers - a type of story that is written the night before it is published. pack journalism - Answers - A method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the same story in the same way because they read each other's copy for validation of their own. paywall - Answers - A paywall is an online barrier that requires users to purchase a subscription to access the site's content. pundit - Answers - a knowledgeable representative of a particular subject, who often makes media appearances to express their opinions Puff Piece/Puffery - Answers - This type of story gives high praise to a person or organization while ignoring any criticism or negative news associated with them Retraction - Answers - refers to the act of withdrawing inaccurate information in a story after it has been published ribbon - Answers - attention-grabbing headline features the largest font on the page and spans the entire width of the paper. rowback - Answers - This term refers to a piece that corrects errors published in a previous article but is written in a way that does not publicly take responsibility for those prior errors. Running story - Answers - refers to a major event that unfolds over an extended period.
Slander - Answers - Spoken or broadcast lies about a person or institution most well known penny press - Answers - "The New York Tribune" founded in 1841 by Horace Greenly What is the penny press? - Answers - In the mid 19th century, Benjamin Day founded the "New York Sun" and sold it for a penny. Joseph Pulitzer - Answers - creator of the "New York World; "cut the prices so people could afford it; featured color comics and yellow journalism; known as the best yellow journalist What historical event did yellow journalism start? - Answers - The Spanish American War. Muckracking Journalism - Answers - Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" from the bottom of American society. Nellie Bly - Answers - A female journalist when such things were unheard of! She posed as a mental patient to write an expose of the terrible conditions then prevalent in asylums AND in imitation of Jules Verne's novel, Around the World in 80 Days, she set off on a journey herself that took her around the world in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds which was a world record at the time. when did magazine begin? - Answers - Late 19th and early 20th century One of the biggest influential African-American newspapers - Answers - "The Chicago Defender" What we're the two largest Hispanic newspapers? - Answers - El Diario-La Presba and Diario Los Americas First Native American newspaper - Answers - Cherokee Pheonix Radio Development - Answers - In 1906, Dr. Lee De Forest made changes to the vacuum tube which made the radio a possibility When was the first newscast? - Answers - 1916 When was NBC formed - Answers - 1926 First broadcasting company formed - Answers - NBC When was CBS formed? - Answers - 1927
When was ABC FORMED? - Answers - 1945 Why was FCC formed - Answers - (Federal Communications Commission): formed to regulate airwaves bc they became too crowded shock jock - Answers - a radio disk jockey who entertains his or her audience by saying outrageous, often vulgar or offensive, things about people or situations When was the First tv newscast - Answers - 1940s Robert S. Abbott - Answers - one of the most influential black journalists and founded Chicago Daily Abbott, which encouraged blacks to go for jobs How was the Vietnam War important for Journalism? - Answers - First war seen on tv and first war where death tolls could be seen by Americans Ida Tarbell - Answers - A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. William Randolph Hearst - Answers - A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism." Lewis Hine - Answers - muckraker who took pictures of child laborers to expose how bad child labor was. In 1916, congress agreed to pass legislation to protect children Peter Arnett - Answers - Worked for the AP and covered Vietnam. Wrote story on the destruction of a village in 1968--"it became necessary to destroy the town in order to save it"-military official in the article. Walter Cronkite - Answers - A newscaster who was known for his objectivity and trustworthiness, who said that the war in Vietnam would end in stalemate. Johnson knew that if even Cronkite didn't support him, nobody in Middle America supported him.
- most trusted man in America Connie Chung - Answers - - Anchor and reporter for CBS, NBC, CNN, ABC, MSNBC
- Became second woman to ever co-anchor CBS - Evening News, anchored 20/
- Known to be a sharp interviewer, which many criticized Horace Greeley - Answers - An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840 - 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.
Goat choker - Answers - an article of inordinate and suffocating length, produced to gratify the vanity of the author and the aspirations of the publication AAJA - Answers - Asian American journalists association founded in 1981. AAEC - Answers - Association of Editorial Cartoonists AHCJ - Answers - Association of healthcare journalist CPJ - Answers - Committee to Protect Journalists Fourth Estate - Answers - the notion that the press operates as an unofficial branch of government, monitoring the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power INN - Answers - Institute for Nonprofit News; working in the publics best interest through investigative journalism IFJ - Answers - International Federation of Journalists IWMF - Answers - International Womens Media Foundation IRE - Answers - Investigative Reporters and Editors LION - Answers - Local Independent Online News NABJ - Answers - National Association of Black Journalist; began in 1975 NAHJ - Answers - National Association of Hispanic Journalists NASW - Answers - National Association of Science Writers National Press Club - Answers - Large media organization headquartered in Washington DC NPPA - Answers - National Press Photographers Association- has a published code of ethics for photojournalists to follow NPPA Code of Ethics - Answers - - Be accurate and comprehensive in the representation of subjects.
- Resist being manipulated by staged photo opportunities.
- Be complete and provide context when photographing or recording subjects. Avoid stereotyping individuals and groups. Recognize and work to avoid presenting one's own biases in the work.
- Treat all subjects with respect and dignity. Give special consideration to vulnerable subjects and compassion to victims of crime or tragedy. Intrude on private moments of grief only when the public has an overriding and justifiable need to see.
- While photographing subjects do not intentionally contribute to, alter, or seek to alter or influence events.
- Editing should maintain the integrity of the photographic images' content and context. Do not manipulate images or add or alter sound in any way that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects.
- Do not pay sources or subjects or reward them materially for information or participation. =Do not accept gifts, favors, or compensation from those who might seek to influence coverage.
- Do not intentionally sabotage the efforts of other journalists.
- Do not engage in harassing behavior of colleagues, subordinates or subjects and maintain the highest standards of behavior in all professional interactions. NSPA - Answers - National Scholastic Press Association NLA - Answers - News leaders association Nieman Lab - Answers - Inspiration for journalists to adapt to shifts in techniques of the business NATJA - Answers - North American Travel Journalist Associations ONA - Answers - Online News Association First daily newspaper - Answers - The Acta 131BCE The first daily newspaper in America was - Answers - Pennsylvania Post First water powered paper mill - Answers - 1282 - made written communication possible for all The printing press - Answers - 1440 - mass productions Mercurius Gallobelgicus - Answers - Semiannual summary of news events- 1594 The courante - Answers - First English newspaper- 1620 Oldest surviving English newspaper - Answers - The Oxford Gazette The Boston Gazette - Answers - the leading radical paper in the history of the American revolution. Contributions from Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. Reported the Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre1719- 1798
Francis A. Walker - Answers - Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1873) Thomas Nast - Answers - A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians (1871) Typewriters begin to be produced in the U.S. - Answers - 1873 The invention of the telephone occurred in what year? - Answers - 1876 When did the New York Times get its first telephone? - Answers - 1886 The number is John 470 First photograph is published in the newspaper(not an artists engraving) - Answers - 1880, The Daily Graphic New York Times receives electricity - Answers - September 4, 1882 Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper - Answers - 1883 - twice the size of other papers of the same price; included pictures, games, contests, and crime; recruited Nellie Bly; circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000; The World The Post-Dispatch - Answers - Became known for stories that highlighted "sex and sin" and satires of the upper class. Pulitzer also viewed the Post-Dispatch as a "national conscience" that promoted the public good. He carried on the legacies of James Gordon Bennett: Making money and developing a "free and impartial" paper that would "serve no party but the people". Within 5 years, the Post-Dispatch became one of the most influential newspapers in the Midwest. Linotype machine (1885) - Answers - typesetting machine where a complete line of text is set at once Color printing press - Answers - 1890s The Yellow Kid - Answers - In effort to gather readers, Pulitzer and New York World, carried popular comic strip called Hogan's Alley, whose main character was called Mickey Dugan, but who was commonly referred to as "The Yellow Kid" because of his long, yellow robe
- First color comic strip to be printed by mass newspaper
- Homeless, drinking, bald, hung around with lower class, made comments about society Led to Yellow journalism as a term Wireless telegraph - Answers - Transmits Morse code via electromagnetic waves, allowing communication between distant lands( about 1900)
United Press Association formation - Answers - 1907 - formed from 3 smaller news syndicates to provide news to newspapers; rivalry with American Press Association First Journalism School in America( possibly in the world) - Answers - University of Missouri- 1908 When was the Linotype machine installed at the New York Times? - Answers - 1886 First regularly scheduled radio show - Answers - Charles Herrold Wednesday night broadcasts beginning at 9 p.m each week. He broadcasted music and entertainment, but not much relating to journalism- 1912 NY times installs it's own telegraph - Answers - February 9, 1920 First national broadcast organization - Answers - British Broadcast Corporation- October 18, 1922 The 35 mm camera - Answers - By Leica, is introduced, adapting movie film for high quality pictures. Over the next generation, it's quality, small size and mobility would revolutionize photojournalism — 1925 First radio photo is transmitted - Answers - May 1, 1926 CBS meaning - Answers - Columbia Broadcasting System NBC Meaning - Answers - National Broadcasting Corporation CBS comes on the airwaves - Answers - 1927; covering the 1928 presidential nominating conventions with news and commentary NBC comes on the airwaves - Answers - 1928; covering the 1928 presidential nominating conventions with news and commentary By 1935, most stations had... - Answers - A 15 minute news broadcast Magnetic recording devices make it possible to record sound and save it for later - Answers - 1930 Curry College creates the first broadcast major - Answers - 1932 Congress creates the Federal Communication Commission - Answers - 1934; regulates airwaves and wires in the case of overcrowding FCC (Federal Communications Commission) - Answers - The government agency charged with regulating the electronic media
New York Times goes on the web - Answers - January 19, 1996; www.nytimes.com; gives free online access to the newspapers articles and pictures NYT institutes a paywall for online readers - Answers - 2011 The development of user-generated journalism by mainstream media - Answers - People can send in stories and videos of their accounts of incidents and occurrences; 2005 The oldest continually published newspaper in the world switched to web publication exclusively - Answers - Jan 1, 2007; The Post- och Inrikes Tidbingar Social media takes a lead in breaking news - Answers - 2007; Virginia Tech Shooting; milestone in citizen journalism First college journalism course focused on Twitter - Answers - Taught at DePaul university; September 2009, Chicago First Pulitzer Prizes for internet based journalism are awarded - Answers - 2010 Sheri Fink - Answers - Awarded first internet based Pulitzer Prize for her investigative piece titled "The Deadly Choices at Memorial" Mark Fiore - Answers - Political cartoonist who received the first Pulitzer Prize for internet based journalism First Pulitzer prize given for internet only journalism - Answers - David Wood; 2012 Composition Titles - Answers - Magazine and newspaper titles aren't italicized; just capitalized. For composition titles such as books, video games, films, TV shows, works of art, speeches, etc., use quotation marks. Ex: She read The New York Times before she watched "Inception" and "Friends." When should the attribution go first? - Answers - If you want to emphasize the person who spoke or if you need to signal another speaker Attribution - Answers - The acknowledgement that something came from another source. When may attributions go in the middle? - Answers - Attributions may go in the middle of a long quotation, usually one that is more that one sentence long Where is the default position for an attribution? - Answers - After the quotation In journalism, a new paragraph signals... - Answers - A new speaker
Do you need quotation marks around Q&A conversations? - Answers - No If something is trademarked, it is... - Answers - Legally registered or established by use as representing a company or producr FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) - Answers - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so A compound sentence will have what on each side? - Answers - A clear subject adverbial clause - Answers - These clauses tell how, when, where, and to what extent an action is performed These clauses also modify: 1) verbs 2) adjectives 3) other adverbs participial phrase - Answers - Looks like a verb but acts as an adjective Ex: the shaken passengers recounted their ordeal parenthetical expression - Answers - a word or phrase that is not really part of the main idea of the sentence, or that interrupts the main sentence. Ex. The tortoise, as far as we know, has been on earth for thousands of years. nonessential appositive - Answers - adds information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence in which the meaning is already clear; separated by commas Ex: his mother, a muggle-born with h, also went to Hogwarts. Nonessential phrases - Answers - Something that is not needed to make a sentence make sense. (Ex: If any of our products are defective, of course, they will be replaced free of charge.) nonessential clause - Answers - This is a clause that modifies another word or group of words but does not include essential identifying information. ex: that, which, or who Taylor road, which leads to the nature preserve, will be closed for two months. Media Consolidation - Answers - the concentration of ownership of the media into fewer corporations Media Convergence - Answers - the merging of traditional media with digital communication technologies such as telecommunications and the internet Media markets - Answers - local, regional, national, global(geographic areas) Biggest media companies - Answers - Viacom, CBS, Time Warner, News Corp, Sony, and Walt Disney Company Clear Channel - Answers - Radio chain, owns many concert venues and billboards - lots of control in the music industry
How many journalists were killed between 1992 and the end of 2014? - Answers - Over a thousand(many more were imprisoned) Dunn v Tyler (1972) - Answers - Schools could punish students involved in walkouts or other expressions that were inherently disruptive of the school's work Morse v. Frederick (2007) - Answers - A student at a local high school hung up a banner saying "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" which advertises the use of marijuana. The principal ordered that the banner be taken down and the student be suspended. Result: School officials can prohibit students from promoting the use of drugs and does not violate the student's 1st A rights. A decision was not reached about whether Morse was immune to being sued, being a school official. Case is similar to Hazelwood. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) - Answers - Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states Congress can make no law against freedom of speech or of the press Gitlow v. New York (1925) - Answers - Supreme Court says the First Amendment applies to states Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - Answers - Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one. West Virginia v. Barnette (1943) - Answers - The Free Speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance. District Court affirmed. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - Answers - Students in an Iowa school were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. Ruled that this suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not "shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door." Melton v. Young(1972) - Answers - Ruled that schools have the right to suppress speech that is lewd or offensive if it were to cause a material disruption in school. Karp v Becken (1973) - Answers - Carrying a sign and protesting on school campus is "pure speech", and is therefore allowed trachtman v Anker - Answers - Students do not have a First Amendment right to administer surveys in school if the school can reasonably predict psychological disruption towards some students as a result of the survey Thomas v Granville schools(1979) - Answers - Students' off-campus expression can not be controlled or restricted by schools
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) - Answers - Supreme Court decision which held that public school curricular student newspapers that have not been established as forums for student expression are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection. The U.S Supreme Court held for the first time that public schools can limit what appears in school-sponsored student publications. Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) - Answers - This case gave public school officials the authority to suspend students for speech considered to be lewd or indecent. Draudt v. Wooster (2003) - Answers - Publications that are public forums are under Tinker, not Hazelwood Dean v. Utica Community Schools (2004) - Answers - A district court judge found that a student-authored article questioning whether school buses were causing injury and illness to local residents was not inaccurate and therefore could not be censored under the Hazelwood "legitimate pedagogical concerns" standard The judge found the censorship to be unconstitutional viewpoint-based discrimination Yeo v. Lexington Township (1997) - Answers - Student publications have the right to reject advertisements. Douglas Yeo, a parent, submitted an ad to the school yearbook and newspaper encouraging abstinence. The editors refused to run the ad, as they wanted to limit advertising to congratulatory ads placed by parents, with nothing political. Yeo sued, saying the school (and, therefore, the local government) was restricting his speech. The Supreme Court said the students, not representing the school or city, had the right to decide what was published. Douglass v. Londonderry Schools (2005) - Answers - If students decide which senior portraits to allow, the district is protected from successful suit for first amendment violation Sisley v Seattle (2011) - Answers - If what the students write is true, it is not libel M.R.B. v Puyallup (2012) - Answers - If students employ sound journalistic practices, they protect their schools SPLC - Answers - Student Press Law Center provides legal advice for student journalists and publications Gatekeeper - Answers - People who have the power to send a story back for additional work, who may alter it before it is broadcast or published, or who may spike a story entirely
