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FBLA JOURNALISM STUDY QUESTIONS
Blog - Answers - Short for Web log. A Web-based publication in which articles, issued periodically, appear in reverse chronological order Bureau - Answers - A news-gathering office maintained by a newspaper somewhere other tan its central location. Papers may have bureaus in the next county; in the state capital; in Washington, D.C.; or in foreign countries Byline - Answers - A line identifying the author of a story Citizen Journalism - Answers - A new form of media in which citizens actively participate in gathering and writing information, often in the form of news Closed-ended question - Answers - A direct question designed to draw a specific response--for example, "Will you be a candidate?" Contextual advertising - Answers - Advertising on a website that is directed to likely users of that site based on demographic profiles Convergence - Answers - The coordination of print, broadcast and online reporting in a news operation. The terms is defined in different ways by different people in the media industry Copy - Answers - What reporters write. A story is a piece of copy Copy desk - Answers - The newspaper desk at which the final editing of stories is done, headlines are written and pages are designed Copy editor - Answers - A person who checks, polishes and corrects stories written by reporters. Usually copy editors write headlines for these stories; sometimes they decide how to arrange soties and pictures on a page Cover - Answers - To keep abreast of significant developments on a beat or to report on a specific event. The reporter covering the police beat may be assigned to cover a murder, for example Crowdsourcing - Answers - The practice of asking members of the public to provide information for a story Cutline - Answers - The caption that accompanies a newspaper or magazine photograph. The terms dates from the days when photos were reproduced with etched zinc plates called cuts.
Deadline - Answers - The time by which a reporter, editor or desk must have all scheduled work completed Deep background - Answers - Information that may be used but that cannot be attributed to either a person or a position. Desk - Answers - A term used by reporters to refer to the city editor's or copy editor's position, as in "The desk wants this story by noon" Editor - Answers - The top-ranking individual in te news department of a newspaper, also known as the editor-in-chief. The term may refer as well to those at any level who edit copy Editorial department - Answers - Generally, the news department that is responsible for all newspaper content except advertising. At some papers this term refers to the department responsible for the editorial page only. Editorialize - Answers - To inject the reporter's or the newspaper's opinion into a news story or headline. Most newspapers restrict opinion to analysis stories, columns and editorials Facebook - Answers - A social networking site that connects friends and acquaintances. It also offers businesses, including news media, an opportunity to connect with customers. Fair comment and criticism - Answers - Opinion delivered about the performance of anyone in the public eye. Such opinion is legally protected as long as it is not malicious and reporters do not misstate any of the facts on which it is based. Freedom of Information Act - Answers - A law passed in 1966 to make it easier to obtain information from federal agencies. The law was amended in 1974 to improve access to government records Futures file - Answers - A collection-filed according to date- of newspaper stories, letters, notes and other information to remind editors about stories to assign. See also tickler Gatekeeper - Answers - An editor who determines what readers or viewers read, hear, and see. Graf - Answers - A shortened form of paragraph, as in "Give me two grafs on that fire." Graphics editors - Answers - Usually, the editor responsible for all non photographic illustrations in a newspaper, including information graphics, maps, and illustrations
Multimedia Editor - Answers - An editor responsible for coordinating or producing news content for various media. Multimedia Journalist - Answers - A journalist capable of producing content in more than one medium, such as radio and newspapers New media - Answers - Emerging forms of computer-delivered news News conference - Answers - An interview session in which someone submits to questions from reporters. Also called a press conference News director - Answers - The top news executive of a local television station News release - Answers - An item that is sent out by a group or individual seeking publicity. Also called a handout or press release News value - Answers - A measure of how important or interesting a story is. Not for attribution - Answers - An expression indicating that information may not be ascribed to its source. Nut paragraph - Answers - A paragraph that summarizes the key element or elements of a story. A nut paragraph is usually found in stories not written in inverted-pyramid form. Also called a nut graf. Off the record - Answers - An expression that usually means "Don't quote me." Some sources and reporters use it to mean "Don't print this." Phrases with similar, and equally ambiguous, meanings are "not for attribution" and "for background only." Online editor - Answers - The editor of a website for a newspaper or television station Op-ed page - Answers - The page opposite the editorial page, frequently reserved for columns, letters to the editor and personality profiles. Open-ended question - Answers - A question that permits the respondent some latitude in the answer-for example, "How did you get involved in politics?" Open-meetings law - Answers - A state or federal law guaranteeing public access to meetings of public officials. Also called a sunshine law Open-records law - Answers - A state or federal law guaranteeing public access to many-but not all- kinds of government records PDF file - Answers - Short for portable document format. An electronic facsimile of a printed document
Photo editor - Answers - The individual who advises editors on the use of photographs in the newspaper. The photo editor also may supervise in the photography department plagiarism - Answers - Using any part of another person's writing and passing it off as your own Podcasting - Answers - A method of distributing multimedia files, usually audio or video, to mobile devices or personal computers so that consumers can listen or watch on demand. The term derived from Apple Inc.'s iPod, but podcasts may be received by almost any music player or computer Press - Answers - The machine that prints the newspaper. Also a synonym for journalism, as in the phrase "freedom of the press". Sometimes used to denote print journalism, as distinguished from broadcast journalism. Privilege - Answers - A defense against libel that claims the right to repeat what government officials say or do in their official capacities Profile - Answers - A story intended to reveal the personality or character of an institution or person. Public figure - Answers - A person who has assumed a role of prominence in the affairs of society and who has persuasive power and influence in a community or who has thrust himself or herself to the forefront of a public controversy. Courts have given journalists more latitude in reporting on public figures than on private citizens. Public journalism - Answers - The new (or rediscovered) approach to journalism that emphasizes connections with community rather than separation from it. Among the newspapers best known for practicing public journalism are the Wichita (Kan.) Eagle and The Charlotte(N.C.) observer. Publisher - Answers - The top-ranking executive of a newspaper. This title often is assumed by the owner, although chains sometimes designate the top local executive as publisher Pulitzer Prize - Answers - The most prestigious of journalism awards. It was established by Joseph Pulitzer and is administered by Columbia University Qualified privilege - Answers - The right to report what government officials say or do in their official capacities if the report is full, fair and accurate. Also called conditional privilege. Quote - Answers - V. To report a source's exact words inside quotation marks. Relevance - Answers - The impact of a story as measured by the number of readers it affects and how seriously it affects them.
Teleprompter - Answers - A mechanical or electronic device that projects broadcast copy next to the television camera lens so that a newscaster can read it while appearing to look straight into the lens. Truth - Answers - Correspondence to fact or reality. Truth is the best defense against libel URL - Answers - Short for Uniform Resource Locator, the address of an internet site. Webcast - Answers - The online alternative to broadcast Wiki - Answers - A type of website that allows users to add or alter content. Wikipedia, for example, is a user-written and user-updated encyclopedia. Wikinews - Answers - A wiki on which users can post or update information in news format Newspaper - Answers - publication that contains information about current events, features on different topics and advertisements Penny Press - Answers - newspapers that were named after the cost, 1 cent Yellow Journalism - Answers - mid-1890s journalism that represented sensationalism, screaming headlines and cheap melodrama Muckraking - Answers - the beginning of investigative journalism; journalists took on the role of promoting social responsibility investigating corruption, especially in big business, social institutions and politics First Amendment - Answers - the First Amendment to the Constitution, which provides the rights to free speech and free press Censorship - Answers - the prevention of printing or broadcasting materials that are considered by some to be objectionable Mass Media - Answers - refers to all the channels of communication that reach a large audience Golden Age of Radio - Answers - refers to the 1930s when Americans listened to radios for music, drama, comedy, variety shows and news Multiple Platforms - Answers - the news organization has both a print publication and an Internet site; media through which consumers obtain news, such as through newspapers and news magazines, television, radio, and the Internet
Multiple Media - Answers - may include print, broadcast and Internet; adding audio and video elements to a print story Correspondent - Answers - a reporter Ethics - Answers - the moral principals that govern the appropriate conduct for individuals and organizations Accuracy - Answers - getting all the facts right and always seeking the truth Integrity - Answers - In journalistic terms, it means:
- not to sell your services for financial reward other than the salary you receive from your employer
- not to take money from a person, group or organization in return for ensuring their story is covered by your news organization
- not to promote a story based on any personal, group, or partisan interests.
- not to endorse or appear to endorse any organization, its products, activities or services
- not to promote commercial products or services
- not to promote our own media organization. Fabrication - Answers - an invention; a lie Public Official - Answers - anyone in a position of official authority that is conferred by a state (ex.: government worker, senator, etc.) Precedent - Answers - a legal decision or form of proceeding serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases Sunshine Laws - Answers - laws requiring certain proceedings of government agencies to be open or available to the public Storyboard - Answers - A storyboard is a sketch of how to organize a story and a list of its contents Videographer - Answers - a person who makes video films Circulation - Answers - the number of copies of newspapers distributed on an average day; one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates; not always the same as copies sold, since some newspapers are distributed without cost to the reader Online Journalism - Answers - contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast Beat - Answers - genre of journalism that can be described as the craft of in-depth reporting on a particular issue, sector, organization or institution over time
if it reflects a larger trend or theme, etc. Wire Service - Answers - a news agency that supplies syndicated news by wire to newspapers, radio, and television stations Linotype - Answers - a composing machine producing lines of words as single strips of metal, used chiefly for newspapers; now rarely used AP Style - Answers - Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law - an English Stylebook (grammar style and usage guide) created by American journalists connected with the Associated Press in order to achieve a way to standardize mass communications; published in 1953, updated biennally over the next 20 years; its simplified rules of grammar (dropping Oxford comma and using figures for all numbers above 9) have caused corporate marketing and public relations departments to also adopt it Narrative Style - Answers - used to captivate readers by drawing them into a story with greater detail than is found in traditional news stories; is a popular format for magazines such as The New Yorker and can be difficult to define and write Hourglass Style - Answers - a combination of inverted pyramid and narrative structures. The author begins with key details (who, what, when, where, and why), and adds details in the inverted pyramid structure; story then abruptly "turns," requiring a clear transition, to focus on a narrative, such as the story of a specific eyewitness or party, which addresses finer details and implications, before making its final conclusion Focus Style - Answers - lead (which can run for 3-5 paragraphs), anecdotal soft lead (starts out with a small story about a person, place, or situation that exemplifies the larger theme), the nut graf (central point of story - key theme - and how lead illustrates that point), body (further explains central point), conclusion (wraps up story by linking insight to focus lead) Kicker - Answers - A short, catchy word or phrase over a major headline Content Editor - Answers - (also called developmental editing or substantive editing), as the name implies, involves checking the content Managing Editor - Answers - a senior member of a publication's management team; typically, the managing editor (ME) reports directly to the Editor in Chief and oversees all aspects of the publication Executive Editor - Answers - responsible for developing a product for its final release; the smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap; top editor at many publications may be known as the chief editor, executive editor, or simply the editor
News Meeting - Answers - news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions Direct Quotation - Answers - in which you copy an author's words directly from the text and use that exact wording in your essay Indirect Quotation - Answers - An indirect quotation is when the meaning but not the exact words of something someone spoke is referred to - NO quotation marks; paraphrasing Partial Quotation - Answers - use of a direct quotation in which a middle section of the quote has been removed; the text that has been directly quoted must be enclosed in quotation marks and the source must be cited Sound Bite - Answers - a short extract from a recorded interview, chosen for its pungency or appropriateness Dialogue - Answers - conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie Attribution - Answers - to show or indicate where information in a news story comes from In-depth Reporting - Answers - usually refers to taking a closer look at a news event, person or issue; would involve more than the typical number of interviews than for a breaking news story, a deeper level of background research and might result in a longer story that explores different aspects of the subject in greater levels of detail FOIA - Answers - Freedom of Information Act - a United States federal law that grants the public access to information possessed by government agencies; government officials are required to disclose data unless it falls under one of the nine exceptions: Classified information - damages national security Internal information involving personnel rules and agency practices Material specifically shielded from disclosure by another law Confidential commercial or financial data (trade secrets) Records that would be privileged in litigation Information that would invade someone's privacy Law enforcement records Information related to government regulation of financial institutions Certain geological/geographical data Computer-assisted Reporting - Answers - describes the use of computers to gather and analyze the data necessary to write news stories Visual Journalism - Answers - practice of strategically combining words and images to convey information
Column - Answers - a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication, where a writer expresses his/her own opinion in few columns allotted to him/her by the newspaper organization Critic - Answers - a person who judges the merits of literary, artistic, or musical works, especially one who does so professionally Umbrella Lead - Answers - sets the foundation for creating newscast opens as well as designing team coverage Anchor - Answers - a person who is the main broadcaster on a program of news, sports, etc., and who usually also serves as coordinator of all participating broadcasters during the program Producer - Answers - a person responsible for the financial and managerial aspects of making of a movie or broadcast or for staging a play, opera, etc Sequencing - Answers - a series of related scenes or shots, as those taking place in one locale or at one time, that make up one episode of the film narrative Pan - Answers - to photograph or televise while rotating a camera on its vertical or horizontal axis in order to keep a moving person or object in view or allow the film to record a panorama (ex - to pan from one end of the field to another during a football game) Subheads - Answers - a heading that precedes the main text, or a group of paragraphs of the main text; helps inform about or summarize the topic; long or complex articles often have more than one; are one type of entry point that help readers make choices, such as where to begin (or continue) reading Photo journalism - Answers - the art or practice of communicating news by photographs, especially in magazines Still - Answers - an ordinary static photograph as opposed to a motion picture, especially a single shot from a movie Contact Sheet - Answers - a piece of photographic paper onto which several or all of the negatives on a roll of film have been contact printed Photo Essay - Answers - an essay or short article consisting of text and numerous photographs Crop - Answers - cut the edges of (a photograph) in order to produce a better picture or to fit a given space
Ladder - Answers - a planning device designating what goes on specific pages (a layout for a newspaper or yearbook) Depth of Field - Answers - the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera Business Manager - Answers - a person who drives the work of others in order to run a major business efficiently and make a large profit Budget - Answers - an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time Expenses - Answers - the cost required for something; the money spent on something Income - Answers - money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments Sales Pitch - Answers - a line of talk that attempts to persuade someone or something, with a planned sales presentation strategy of a product or service designed to initiate and close a sale of the product or service Advertising Manager - Answers - someone who plans and directs the promotional and advertising campaigns of companies in order to generate interest in a product or service Open-source journalism - Answers - describes forms of innovative publishing of online journalism, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist
