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Wolbachia
a genus of gram-negative bacteria that infect many insect species (estimates from 20-75% of species). TERM 2
Wolbachia can have massive fitness
consequences to uninfected host individuals
through
DEFINITION 2 cytoplasmic incompatibility TERM 3
polygyny
DEFINITION 3 one male will mate with multiple females TERM 4
polyandry
DEFINITION 4 one female will mate with multiple males TERM 5
monogamy
DEFINITION 5 there is pair bonding one male and one female mate and typically share parental duties
r-selected strategy
many offspring, few survive TERM 7
K-selected strategy
DEFINITION 7 fewer offspring, high probability of survival TERM 8
parent-offspring conflict.
DEFINITION 8 Offspringseek to obtain more resources from a parent than is optimal for a parent to give TERM 9
Cooperation
DEFINITION 9 activity that provides a benefit to other individuals but to the actor as well. TERM 10
Altruism
DEFINITION 10 activity that enhances the fitness of other individuals but lowers the fitness of the actor
Commensalism
one species receives a benefit from another species enhances fitness of one species; no effect on fitness of the other species TERM 17
Mutualism
DEFINITION 17 two species provide resources or services to each other enhances fitness of both species TERM 18
Interference
competition
DEFINITION 18 direct interactions between individuals, such as fighting for habitat or resources, or preventing another species from establishing through a physical means TERM 19
Exploitative
competition
DEFINITION 19 indirect interactions between individuals, via consumption of a limited resource. TERM 20
Apparent
competition
DEFINITION 20 occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator
coevolution
reciprocal genetic change in both interacting species due to natural selection that each species is imposing on the other. TERM 22
What causes coevolution
DEFINITION 22 Species interacting for prolonged periods of evolutionary time TERM 23
major conceptual types
DEFINITION 23 Specific coevolutionGuild coevolutionEscape-and-radiate coevolutionCospeciation TERM 24
More common strategy in unstable
environments
DEFINITION 24 r-selected strategy TERM 25
Advantageous when resources are predicable
and stable
DEFINITION 25 K-selected strategy
Preventing mutational deterioration
Individuals will have more mutations than their ancestors, because new mutations will arise. Deleterious mutations will accumulate in populations over time. In small populations genetic drift can exacerbate the problem TERM 32
Spread of advantageous traits, and
adaptation to fluctuating environments
DEFINITION 32 Overwhelmingly, animals and plants are very long-lived compared to their parasites and pathogens. They must constantly evolve defenses against them, but they evolve slower.
