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The injured pig (p.102)
Child Rearing in Families and CommunitiesStory from Pueblo
Indian scholar Joseph Suina:Children shooting a pig, but a council
member who witnessed it didn't do anything about it because it
was about to rain. The negligent member had to pay half the price
of the pig for neglecting the villages' children. The children paid
the other half.It was the responsibility of the adult to rear the
children in the right direction.
TERM 2
Kingsolver: Canary Island (p.103)
DEFINITION 2
Child Rearing in Families and CommunitiesStory from Barbara
Kingsolver:Her own culture= children regarded as a sort of toxic-
waste product: a necessary evil, but if it's not our own we don't
want to see or hear it.Spain= held children to be its meringues
and eclaires Arrangements regarding who cares for children and
under what circumstances are intimately related to the support
provided by community connections and extended family
TERM 3
Family Size: China and Mexico (p.104-105)
DEFINITION 3
Family Composition and Governments China
1949-1964= government wanted to increase population by
eliminating disease and encourage conception by restricting the use
of birth control and abortion
1970s= Single-child policy and strict use of birth control and abortion
Mexico
1974= government reversed its promotion of growth; "Small families
live better."
The government set up clinics to help couples control the size of their
family
The changes in the family, related to national policies, are removing
the social network of extended family that has provided care to
young children and aged parents
TERM 4
LeVine's Parental Child-Rearing Goals (p.109)
DEFINITION 4
In communities with high infant and child mortality, LeVine
suggested that parents must first consider a child's physical
survival and health
In LeVine's hierarchy of child-rearing goals are parental priorities
involving preparing children to maintain themselves economically
in maturity
If the first two priorities are met, parents can devote more
energy to considering each child's potential to maximize other
cultural values, such as prestige, religious piety, intellectual
achievement, personal satisfaction, and self-realization
TERM 5
"Folk Pediatrics" (p.110)
DEFINITION 5
Parentsgive each child very attentive physical care during the first
2 or 3 years: the infant is breast-fed for 18-24 months, sleeps with
the mother and is fed on demand, is carried most of the time, and
receives a rapid response to crying.This is a kind of "fold
pediatrics" to prevent the most common danger, dehydration from
diarrhea, by close monitoring and rapid provisions of liquid.
Infanticide and Abandonment (p.112)
The practice to kill or abandon young children or to send
infants to live with paid wet nurses in the countryside despite
high risks of infant mortality
i.e. ancient Greece
Often occurred because of difficulties in supporting the
children or when the children were not healthy
In many cases, children were abandoned in the hopes that
they would be found and raised by other people
TERM 7
Nancy Scheper-Hughes(pp.112-114)
DEFINITION 7
Selective Neglect
Nancy's observations of mother-infant relations in a shantytown in
Brazil
Maternal detachment and indifference toward infants that mothers
judged to be too weak to survive the conditions of their life
Life seen as a struggle in which it's necessary to allow some babies to
die without attention, care, or protection
Seen as an appropriate maternal response to a child who does not
show the resilience necessary for survival under the extreme
circumstances
Maternal Bonding Model
Grossly underestimates the power and significance of social and
cultural factors that influence and shape maternal thinking over time
TERM 8
The "Strange Situation" (pp.114-115)
DEFINITION 8
Laboratory situation in a procedure called "the Strange Situation" in which
caregivers are asked to leave and reunite with their infants so that the
researchers can observe the infants' reactions when slightly stressed. "Secure"
Attachment- African American
Something infants are judged to haveif they explore the Strange Situation
room and act friendly before the separation from the caregiver, show mild
wariness during the separation, and are comforted and do not show anger
when reunited with the caregiver
"Anxious/Resistant"- Japanese
Pattern characterized by high distress while the caregiver is absent, and
when the caregiver attempts to comfort the infant after the separation, the
infant is not easily soothed and simultaneously seeks contact and resists
proximity
"Anxious/Avoidant"
Pattern involves low distress while the caregiver is away but avoidance of
the caregiver upon reunion, turning or looking away.
TERM 9
Families (pp.118-120)
DEFINITION 9
Nuclear Families= situation with one or two parents (and one
or two children) living in a separate dwelling perhaps
hundreds of miles from kin, is a markedly different child-
rearing environment from that experienced by children
surrounded by relatives. Serial Monogamy= means that
people of both sexes have multiple spouses, but only one at
a time
TERM 10
Age Segregation (pp.125-128)
DEFINITION 10
North American children's time is spend in age-graded
bureaucratic institutions, such as school or camp, where one-year
age groups are often formed for adults' convenienceChildren's
peer relations are often emphasized over relations with
siblingsCompulsory schooling required a standard starting age to
verify that children were not truantSegregating children in groups
of similar ages has a clear impact on the opportunities for sibling
care and interactionSuch age-based restrictions reduces
schoolchildren's opportunities to learn from engaging with
younger children
Adolescence (pp.171-175)
G. Stanley Hall vs. Margaret Mead
Hall= the storm and stress of this stage of life, cast as a serious crisis
Mead= called into question the idea that adolescence was necessarily a
separate stage involving crisis
Urban Life and "Youth Culture"
Urban life appeared as a corrupting force, with its varied social and economic
life, its commercialism, and its entertainments
The origins of "youth culture" with its own styles, language, and priorities
and the societal treatment of adolescence as a distinct and troubled stage of
life
Rites of Passage
Separation= physically separated from familiar; symbolically separated by
clothing and actions
Liminal Period= relearning and reeducating initiates; stripping away old
identities; introducing new ones
Reaggregation= reintroduced to society in new status; social recognition of the
new status
Boys' Initiation/Circumcision RitualsGirls' Fertility/Menstruation TERM 17
Marriage and Parenthood (pp.176-179)
DEFINITION 17
Industrial Revolution
Before: Parents chose a husband for thier daughter based
on personal qualities; love and personal attachment were
secondary considerations; Arranged marriages
After: Romantic Love
TERM 18
Gender Roles and Child Rearing (pp.193)
DEFINITION 18
The "Betty Crocker" Ideal is uncommon
"New Model"= husbands claim to assist w/housework, do little
Women in extended families share household and childcare responsibilities
with other women
Impact of Agriculture and Sedentary Lifestyle on Women
Decreased women's autonomy and influence
Decrease in mobility for women
Increasing rigidity in sex-typing adult work
Increased male control over domestic animals, village politics, and external
contacts
"Rosie and the Riveter" and Wage Labor
Shifted from home to factory during WWII
Shifted from factory to home post WWII
Changing Family Size= family size decreased because people couldn't afford to
feed, clothe, and care for a lot of children "Crisis of Confidence"= observed
among Euro American preadolescent girls becoming less confident and more
differential, concerned with appearance and being liked Aggressive Behavior:
physical vs. relational
Boys become more physically aggressive than girls
Girls show more nurturing and responsible behavior that boys, but also more
relational aggression, such as malicious ostracism, gossip, and manipulation
TERM 19
Goal of Socialization: Euro-American vs.
Japanese
DEFINITION 19
Euro American Mothers' Goals= individuality, self-expression,
and freedom from others in action and thought Chinese
American Mothers' Goals= becoming self-reliant and
developing the social skills needed to become successful,
contributing members of the family and societyJapanese view
child as born independent and needs to be
TERM 20
Sleeping Independenty
DEFINITION 20
US belief that nighttime separation is essential to developing
sense of independence and makes daytime separation easier
Ethnocentrism= Americans reacted as negatively to children
sleeping with parents as members of other societies reacted
with shock to the notion of American children sleeping alone
Respect of Autonomy/Non-Intervention
Individual Autonomy is a social product. One gains autonomy to
the extend one grants it.
Non-intervention except when actions would cease serious
harm
Forcing a child to follow the mother's agenda would be lack
respect for the child's autonomy
Non-Intervention viewed by outsiders as "lack of control" over
children
Japanese sunao (receptive) does not mean giving up autonomy
but rather expressing and enhancing the self in cooperation
with group
TERM 22
Disciplining Children: John Wesley vs. John
Dewey
DEFINITION 22
Puritan InfluenceJohn Wesley= "Break their wills bedtimes, begin
this work before they can run alone, before they can speak plain,
perhaps before they can speak at all. Whatever pains it costs,
break the will, if you will not damn the child.'John Dewey=
suggested that adults needed to guide, not control children,
preferring collaboration to confrontation
TERM 23
Discipline
DEFINITION 23
Parental Styles of Discipline: Authoritarian= adults control children;
Euro American= more deviant behavior and poorer academic and
psychosiocial functioning
African American= less deviant behavior and higher academic performance
Authoritative= parents guide children as well as consult them, with verbal give-
and-take
Associated with greater social and academic competence
Permissive= children have free rein
Associated with low grade in Euro and Afro American children
Teacher's Discipline:Controlling= directive"Veiled Directives"= children are more
active and respond better
non-controlling talk may confuse student accustomed to more direct
directives
TERM 24
Kohlberg's Scale of Moral Reasoning
DEFINITION 24
Stages 1,2= Egocentric account of moral reasoning based on
personal perspective, avoid harm or punishment Stage 3= Use
rules and customs or group as a guide, the Golden RuleStage 4=
Interactions between competing groups with conflicting interests
mediated by institutionsStage 5,6 Philosophical using "higher-
order" obligations or principles of justice
TERM 25
Morality: Hobbes vs. Confucius
DEFINITION 25
Hobbes= Western system of morality derives from Judeo-Christian
image of man as autonomous and responsible for his own actions;
requires a system to protect one from another based on fear of
punishmentConfucian= belief the universe itself is absolutely
moral and humans need to act accordingly to achieve harmonious
social order; moral behavior derives from conformity and resolving
conflict through compromise to restore harmony
Literacy and Logic
Vai script is used by non-professional literates to personal
communication, Arabic for religious texts, and English in
schoolsDifferent form of written script and different uses of
literacy promoted distinct cognitive skills
TERM 32
Narrative Structure
DEFINITION 32
Gives form to the way people express ideas in
conversations/writingJapan= omit information the listener is easily
able to infer if the listener were to take the narrator's perspective
Values empathy and collaboration
Words are "elegantly compressed" Haiku
Euro American= descriptive settings and emotions, elaborating a
single experience often leading to a point of resolution
TERM 33
"Ideals In the Air"
DEFINITION 33
Synergistic ideas could not have derived from the work of
any one individual or local research community Darwin's
evolution= an idea whose time had come
TERM 34
Intelligence: Implicit vs. Explicit
DEFINITION 34
"The child is scaffolded in the achievement of the activity
either explicitly, by the intelligence of the teacher or
implicitly by that of the designer, now embedded in the
constraints of the artifact with which the child is playing
TERM 35
Guided Participation
DEFINITION 35
Describes the varied ways in which children learn as they
participate in and are guided by the values and practices of
their cultural communities
Social Interaction
Narrative (Suino)= stories are used to foster attention,
imagination, metaphoric thinking, and flexibility and fluency of
thoughts and understanding
Joseph Suino,a Pueblo Indian, learned to understand the
context of a ritual from his father and his connection with long
chains of event
Greeting Rituals (Inuit)= routines and roles reinforced in play
Inuit greetings to cousins
TERM 37
Bettelheim- Play: Role vs. Complementary vs.
Games
DEFINITION 37
Bettelheim observed that children in Europe develop socially
through two stages of play:
Role play= children individually to work out the "scripts" of
everyday life- adult skills and roles, values and beliefs
Complementary Play= children collaborate to test mutual
understanding of adult roles, as when two sisters "play sisters" or
"you be the mommy and I'll be the daddy"
Games represent a later stage in which children have to learn
the rules and anticipate each other's actions accordingly
TERM 38
Family Behaviors
DEFINITION 38
Middle Class Narrative Styles
children learn school-like discursive styles; practice explaining
when, where, how, why, and who; and do well on standardized
tests
Reading and Writing
white parents in Appalachian milltown taught children respect
for reading, but unused in everyday life
African American children in a miltown taught respect for
skillful and creative use of language but not about books or
analytic style of discourse
TERM 39
Silence
DEFINITION 39
Japan has long tradition of valuing nonverbal communication
like the white space in brust paintings or calligraphy;
succinctness is valued while speaking too much is associated
with immaturity and empty-headednessAn American
confronted with a thoughtful silence, assumes the question
was not understood and poses yet another question
TERM 40
Stories as
Gossip
DEFINITION 40
Apache stories make you think about yourself. If you haven't
been acting right, someone "goes hunting for you" and tells a
story that makes you realize that other people have been
watching you and talking about you, then you feel weak, real
weak, like you are sick. You don't want to eat or talk
anymore.
Educational Institutions
Alice Magoon's Girls Industrial Work Class in the Philippines
as colonial education Residential Schools/Native Americans
TERM 47
Anchorites
DEFINITION 47
Christian hermits who deliberately abandoned society in
fourth century Egypt and Syria
TERM 48
Ritual
DEFINITION 48
Chinese Funeral CustomsAsking QuestionsRites of
Passage/Liminality
TERM 49
Secondary Rationalizations
DEFINITION 49
The propensity for individuals to offer folk explanations for
various aspects of their behavior
TERM 50
Taboo
DEFINITION 50
A prohibition against a certain act or type of behaviorEskimo
Hunting/Butchering Seals: Before dragging the carcass into a
dwelling, the hunter must lift a cup and gentle pour drinking
water over the dead animal's snout. Then, before butchering
the animal, there are numerous things that shouldn't be
done.
Witchcraft (Azande)
The Azande are a people who are intensely preoccupied with
witchcraft and magic, a set of beliefs that can be said to
constitute a focal point of their culture
