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Firefighter I & II state test
What are two types of hydrant connections? - Hard intake and soft intake Hose stream shape - smooth bore = solid stream fog nozzle = straight stream/fog stream What the four main ways to control or suppress a fire? - Temperature reduction Fuel removal Oxygen exclusion Chemical flame inhibition Considerations firefighters must make before making entry to perform fire attack - Firefighter pre-entry checklist:
- Understand crew's assignment
- Identifying escape route
- Forcible entry techniques
- Verifying radio channel
- Ensuring SCBA is on, full, and operating
- Buddy check Other checks: Changes in heat level Hazards Locations of safe havens
Changes of structural integrity along with evidence of ceiling collapse Smoke color or change of color Volume and Behavior of smoke Location of victims or occupants Wind direction and strength Exposures How does a direct attack differ from an indirect attack (water application) - Direct attack
- Apply solid or straight stream to burning fuels until fire is extinguished Indirect attack
- Can be made from inside or outside
- Direct the stream of ceiling or walls
- May be the plan until temp is down How is a transitional fire attack different from a combination attack - Combination attack
- T pattern O pattern Z pattern with nozzle Transitional attack
- Indirect attack from the outside i.e. busted out window
- In coordination with an inside attack crew waiting to go
- Be aware of ventilation cuz you a ventilate that bad boy Why are belowground fires so hazardous? - Collapse hazards Failed trusses in unfinished basements Owner/occupants may not comply with regulations What methods can be used to attack vehicle fire? - Attack at a 45 degree angle Potential foam
Recognize hazards Recognize, locate, and operate rescue tools and equipment Understands methods for mitigating hazards Five types of technical rescue that a FF 2 may have to respond? -
- Rope rescue (Divided into high angle/low angle)
- Confined space
- Trench
- Ice
- Water
- Vehicle rescue What is the difference between hydraulic rescue tools and pneumatic rescue tools? - Hydraulic tools operating power = hydraulic fluid Pneumatic tool operating power = compressed air cylinders Tools used for
- Stabilization
- cutting
- lifting
- pulling - Stabilization tools = hydraulic jack, tensioned buttress system, wheel chocks, cribbing Cutting tools = Shears, circular saw, rotary saw, reciprocating Lifting tools= Tripods, Pneumatic lifting devices (high and low pressure bags) Pulling tools= winches,come alongs What's the difference between tempered vs laminated safety glass - Tempered- spreads small fractures upon impact (commonly used is side or rear windows) Laminated- consists of two sheets of glass bonded to a sheet of plastic (commonly used for windshields)
8 common terminology used to describe eight sides of vehicle - Front Rear Interior Exterior Drivers side Passenger side Undercarriage Roof What hazards must rescuers be aware of at a vehicle incident - Traffic Fire Sharp objects Roadway incidents Blood borne pathogens Environmental conditions In what type of incident are struts or a tensioned buttress system likely to be used to stabilize the vehicle? - Vehicles found upside down or on their side Which type of building material best retains its structural stability under fire conditions? - Heavy timber What determines the effect that fire has on metal - Type of metal Whether metal is exposed or covered What are four indicators of structural collapse? - Roof sagging, spongy floor
Type 1: (known as fire-resistive construction) provides the highest level of protection from fire spread and structural collapse. Usually composed of reinforced concrete, precast concrete, protected steel. Type 2: (known as non-combustible construction) are composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or fire spread. Type 3: (known as ordinary construction) commonly found in mercantile, business, and residential structures. Exterior walls and structural members be composed of non combustible materials Type 4: (also known as heavy timber) characterized by the use of large-dimensioned lumber or laminated wood. Type 5: (also known as wood frame) single family home residence. Exterior walls composed of wood. Three main types of roofs? & What the three main components that make up a roof? - Flat Pitched Arched Roof supporting system (trusses), roof decking, and roof covering (shingles) What is the difference between the fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron? - Fire triangle
- Oxygen
- Fuel
- Heat Fire tetrahedron
- Reducing agent(fuel)
- Heat
- Chemical reaction
- Oxidizing agent Difference is the oxidizing agent
Difference between piloted ignition and autoignition? - Piloted ignition- ocurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction Autoignition- Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel or vapors. The fuels surface is heated to the point at which the combustion reaction occurs What are the various products of combustion? - Carbon monoxide, formalydehyde, Hydrogen cyanide, Nitrogen dioxide. pg. 125 for more info Three methods of heat transfer? - Conduction- heat transferred between objects (i.e. touching oven pan) Convection- movement of heat by circulation or movement of a fluid, (i.e. smoke pushing towards you from fire room) Radiation- is essentially emitting heat particles, which could cause other objects to catch fire. (check ch.4 test for questions on heat transfer) along with pg 132- List ways that fire fighting foam extinguishes fires and/or prevents ignition? - Seperating Cooling Smothering Penetrating Difference between foam A and foam B? - Foam A-intended for solid combustibles Foam B- intended for flammable liquids What must happen in order to produce high quality foam? - Proportioning
Establish command and communicate who is in command 360-degree check Determine offensive or defensive mode Assign task Communicate information and actions to en route resources What observations should be made during initial and ongoing size-up? - Information gathered while responding Information initial 360- degree size up Life safety information Fire behavior indicators Evaluations of fire growth and development What items should be included in the arrival report? - Provide routing instructions for arriving units Provide first impression of hazardous conditions Report initial actions Identify types and locations of barriers Indicate planned operational plan 360 survey information - Victim survivability based on conditions Indicators of fire location Lowest floor of a fire location Smoke conditions Forcible entry requirements Location of building utilities Special hazards Building construction Location of FDC
What are five operational assignments that the IC can make for personnel at the scene? - Fire attack RIT Support functions Personnel accountability Rehabilitation What factors help determine the size of hoseline to be used for a fire attack? - Fire conditions Fire load and material involved Flow rate needed for extinguishment Steam reach needed Number of firefighters available Potential fire spread Size of building Size of fire area Location of fire List five fittings or appliances that may be used on the fireground? - Wye Siamese Gate valve Water thief LDH appliance What factors must be considered when selecting a nozzle? - Fire conditions Available eater supply Number of firefighters Nozzle capabilities
- Must be close enough to the ignition source to receive energy transfer
- Must be capable of absorbing and retaining sufficient heat energy transferred from the ignition source to begin combustion. What are the four fire causes classifications? - Accidental Natural Incendiary Undetermined What are three types of evidence that may be found at a fire scene? - Direct evidence Physical evidence Circumstantial evidence How are life safety rope and utility rope different? - Life safety rope is designed exclusively for rescue and other emergency operations; used to raise, lower, and support people at an incident or during training. Utility rope is used in any other instance where rope is required. What advantages do synthetic ropes have over natural fiber ropes? - Excellent resistance to water, mildew, mold, rotting, and shrinkage; longer lifespan, lightweight yet very strong, easy to maintain. How is kernmantle rope different from braid-on-braid rope? - Kernmantle has a core rope strand running the legnth of the rope while braid-on-braid rope has a braided core running
the legnth of the rope. When inspecting rope, what kinds of damage would require that the rope be removed from service? - Imbedded shards of glass, metal shavings, wood splinters, foreign objects that can damage fibers. How should synthetic fiber and natural fiber ropes be washed and dried? - Synthetic fiber ropes can be washed by hand with water and detergent, with a rope washing device, or in a clothes washing machine without center agitators. Natural fiber ropes must not be washed with water, instead gently wipe or brush the rope to remove as much of the dirt and grit as possible. You can dry both types on a hose drying rack or tower, or losely coil in a hose dryer. Never use or place near a heat source or in direct sunlight. What information should be recorded in a rope log? - Product label, identification label, and manufacturers instructions; information regarding purchase date, use, maintenance, and inspection; incidents that result in impact loading. What is the proper method for storing rope? - Rope should be stored in a clean, dry, unheated area with freely circulating air currents, protected from weather, stored out of direct sunlight, and kept away from chemicals, fumes, and vapors. The best method for storing rope is to place it into a nylon or canvas storage bag.
List three uses of rope other than hoisting objects. -
- Control zone perimeter
- Search lines
- Object stabilization What components does an extension ladder have that a single or roof ladder does not have? - Fly section, Guides, Halyard, Pawls, Pulley, Stops. Compare and contrast uses for single ladders, extension ladders, and roof ladders. - Single ladders are often used for quick access to windows and roofs on one and two story buildings. Extension ladders are used for two-story and taller buildings and can be adjusted incrementally to the specific length needed to access windows and roofs. Roof ladders are generally lie flat on the roof surface so that a firefighter can stand on the ladder while working. Compare and contrast inspection requirements for different types of ladders. - When inspecting metal ladders, you should look for:
- Evidence of flame impingement or head damage
- Corrosion or rust
- Loose or missing rivets or fasteners
- Loose or damaged rungs
- Damaged or missing rubber on footpads
- Cracks, bends, or other damamge
- Dry rot or other damage to the halyard When inspecting fiberglass ladders you should look for:
- Cracks, chipping, or other damage in the components
- Loose or missing rivets or fasteners
- Evidence of flame impingement or head damage
- Corrosion or rust on metal components
- Loose or damage rungs
- Damaged or missing rubber on footpads
- Dry rot or other damage to halyard When inspecting wooden ladders you should look for:
- Areas where the finish has been chafed or scraped
- Darkening(blistering or blackening) of the varnish
- Dark streaks in the wood(indicating deterioration)
- Marred, worn, cracked, or splintered parts
- Shoes rounded or smooth
- Water damage When inspecting roof ladders, make sure the hook assemblies operate with relative ease, and are free of signs of rust, deformation, and are firmly attached with no signs of looseness. When inspecting extension ladders check the following:
- Pawl assemblies - hook and finger should move in and out freely
- Halyard - if damage is found, replace the halyard
- Halyard cable - check to see that it is taut in the bedded position.
- Pulleys - make sure they turn freely
- Ladder guides - check their condition and that the fly section moves freely What are general maintenance requirements for ladders? -
- Keeping ground ladders free of moisture.
- Look up to check for overhead electrical wires or equipment.
- Look up AGAIN before raising the ladder.
- Keep a distance of at least 10 feet from all energized electrical lines or equiment.
- Maintain this distance while raising the ladder, using the ladder, and lowering the ladder.
- Use an alternate method for raising the ladder if the lader may come to rest a safe distance from electrical equipment but come too close to the equipment during an actual raise. How should the fly of a metal or fiberglass extension ladder be positioned? - Modern metal and fiberglass ladders are designed to be used with the fly out. How are ground ladders mounted on apparatus? -
- Hanging on a beam in racks on the right side of the apparatus
- Standing on the lower beam in a compartment between the hose bed and the right side of the body, accessed from the rear
- Laying flat in a compartment under the right side of the hose bed, accessed from the rear of the apparatus
- In a mechanically operated rack that lowers the ladder from the top of the hose bed to the right hand side What safetly guidelines should be followed when carrying ground ladders? -
- Avoid obstructions
- Maintain situational awareness of other firefighters at the scene
- Lift the ladder with your legs rather than your back
- Look ahead, scanning for obstructions, other people, and trip hazards in front of you
- Use an appropriate number of personnel to carry the ladder based upon the conditions at the scene and the length of the ladder
- Work and communicate as a team
- Identify one member of your lift team as a team leader
- Carry roof ladders with the hooks closed
- Carry ladders with the butt end first to facilitate trasition from a ladder carry to ladder raise, if needed How can you determine the appropriate size ground ladder to use for a situation? -
- Determine how far various ladders will reach based on their designated length
- Extending a ladder a minimum of three to five rungs beyond the roof edge to provide both a footing and a handhold for anyone stepping on or off the ladder
- Placing the tip of the ladder even with the top of the window and to the upwind side of it to gain access to a narrow window or for opening the window for ventiliation
- Placing the tip of a ladder just below the windowsill when performing rescue from a window opening What factors affect ground ladder placement? -
- Presence of overhead electrical wires and obstructions
- Ground conditions; muddy, icy, and/or uneven terrain
