Download FOR3006 Midterm.docx....FOR3006 Midterm.docx and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
FOR3006 Midterm
Forest (FAO) - correct answer -an area of land dominated by tree vegetation -an area more than 0.5 ha -tree more than 5m -canopy cover over 10% Forest (Ahston) - correct answer A collection of forest stands and non forested ecosystems administered as a single management unit managment - correct answer exerting purposeful influence on something with intent to achieve a desired objective Primary spatial scales - correct answer 1. tree
- stand
- landscape level forest management - correct answer an interdisciplinary branch of forestry concerned with the governance of forest resources to achieve the objective of people and society governance includes: administration, financial, legal, social, scientific, and technical aspects. forest management and silviculture - correct answer they are not the same thing! Silvilculture - correct answer establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stand to help achieve the objectives of forest management. -most of silviculture is applied forest ecology -a tool to conduct forest management
Forest Management - correct answer scheduling and regulation of silviculture and other management activities Why is forest management more important today? - correct answer Growing human population, increase of global roundwood production and paper, increase in global surface temperature, increase in global deforestation (deforestation rate is 10 million ha per year), global biodiversity loss (over one million species are threatened with extinction) and forests are habitat to over 75% of the earths terrestrial biodiversity. Canadas forest land ownership - correct answer over 90% of Canadas forest is public (crown land) -77% provincial crown -13% territorial crown -2% federal crown -6% private -2% indigenous -------- is at the core of modern day Forest Management in Canada - correct answer sustainability is at the core of modern day Forest Management in Canada sustainable - correct answer 'providing for today's needs and wants, without compromising the needs and wants of future generations' Precolonial Period (pre-1600s) - correct answer -Deglaciation of North America -Migration of Humans to North America: Beringia theory: most wildly accepted theory of human migration to north america, humans walked across the Bering land bridge, entering north america 15,000 years ago Liquidation Period (1600-1800) - correct answer European Colonization -remove forest for agriculture and civilization
-intiated/propelled forestry branches: inventory, growth and yield modeling, silvilculture -move to full mechanization of equipmenr -powersaws and mechanized harvesters for felling -production-focused sustained yield forestry was in full swing -increase in ecology, math, and computers in forest management -1980 crown lands and forest act in NB -multi-use sustained yield -multiple use sustained yield act implmented,many other acts as well -prov gov revised newer forest land tenure systems sustained yield - correct answer concept that proposes there is a limit to how much wood can be extracted from a forest, maximum allowable harvest rate -maintained over time using silvilculture and forest management -created to provide stability, regularity, efficiency of wood production to the forest, fernow called it a "normal forest" normal forest - correct answer created by bernard fernow, became known as a regulated forest -provides predictable and equal volumes of wood each year -equal area of forest land in each age class -oldest age class corresponds to desired rotation age -no forest stand can grow beyond rotation age, or be harvested sooner Multi Use Sustained Yield in Sustained Yield Period (1940s-1980s) - correct answer -forests provide other resources besides wood, increased legislation to accommodate these resources and values -broadened the base of forest use and protection and ensure multiple values were sustained -predominate model across most jurisdictions in canada (and nb)
Ecological Period (1980-now) - correct answer -concern for biodviersity, climate change, indigenous land rights grew -earth summit 1992: created a treaty where the main objective is to develop national strategies for conservation and sustainble use of biodviersity -ecological forestry -sustained yield forestry ecological forestry - correct answer -ecological forestry: emphasizes the maintenance of natural ecological conditions where the sustainable provision of goods and services to meet the needs of society is achieved -began in ns in 2018 -NB DOES NOT HAVE ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY sustained yield forestry - correct answer emphasizes production f commercial wood products and even flow of annual wood harvest high production sustained yield forestry - correct answer focuses on intensive silvilculture multi-use sustained yield forestry - correct answer other goods and services but wood dominates Most forest management situations involve the following steps: - correct answer
- identification of the forest area
- consultation with land owners and public
- making management objectives
- inventory conditions necessary to complete objectives
- determine actions to complete objectives
- understand and analyze trends in land use change and forest dynamics
- access costs and revenues
- assess and evaluate alternative actions
- select best alternatives to meet objectives and form plan
- monitor plan
forest certification attempt to do 2 things - correct answer - identify and promote forest land that is well managed -recognize products that are produced from these forests as having been sustainably managed forest certification was originally designed for: - correct answer tropical forest management because of the lack of laws and regulation in developing countries, allying for forest exploitations how forest certification works - correct answer forest products that come from sustainably managed forests must be certified by third party auditors and are given a recognizable label to indicate to consumers they are buying a certified "green" product. four elements of forest certification - correct answer 1. forest management standards
- inspections and audits 3.chain of custody standards and audits
- certification three types of forest certificates - correct answer 1. sustainable forest management certificates
- chain of custody certificates: verify forest product's were made with wood harvested from sustainably managed forests
- wood fibre sourcing certificates: fiber acquired by wood procurement organizations that come from sustainable sources what continent has the largest portion of certified forests? - correct answer North America When did forest certification begin? - correct answer in 1941 with the American Tree Farm System Why get forest certified? - correct answer 1. certified products are of higher value ($)
- certified wood products can provide better access to markets (home depot, staples etc)
- better social license, perception of land management ability Policy - correct answer A course of action adopted by an organization or individual Legislation - correct answer A collection of laws, often called acts Regulation - correct answer A rule made and maintained by an authority to enforce laws Legislation that impacts the forestry sector is mainly administered at the - correct answer provincial level New Brunswick Foresters Act - correct answer Law that regulates the profession of being a professional forester in new Brunswick Crown Lands and Forest Act - correct answer A set of laws and rules for the administrator of forestry on crown lands in new Brunswick Forest Products Act - correct answer supports the fair and equitable use of private land wood products Clean Water Act - correct answer To protect and regulate our natural water resources Species at risk act - correct answer to protect species at risk, including the prevention of extirpation and support to recovery. Trespass Act - correct answer To support and regulate the protection of land
How can i be certain where my property boundaries are located? - correct answer Only a licensed land surveyor is authorized to survey and locate property boundaries Who governs property boundary regulations? - correct answer provincial government -blazing, line locating, brushing spatiotemporal extent - correct answer total geographical area or time span planning unit: area Planning horizon: time spatiotemporal resolution - correct answer smallest subunits of area and time to which specific management actions will be applied. -specificity Hierarchy of Management Scales - correct answer 1. Operational: specific, short time frame, small area
- Tactical
- Strategic: broad scope, long time frame, large area We characterize and value the forest by using Forest management indicators like: - correct answer -tree species composition -stand height and diameter -stem density -CWD -biodiversity -watershed quality measures -wildlife habitat abundance
why are indicators important in forest management? - correct answer -assess current state of forest -set targets -evaluate different plans of action -monitor progress toward objective characterizing and valuing the state of a forest begins with - correct answer classifying and mapping the overall planning unit and subordinate operating units forest land classification serves the primary basis for - correct answer
- building a forest inventory
- assessing forest resources
- scheduling and evaluating management activities Land can be classified and mapped using biophysical indicators like - correct answer -climate -land form -vegetation -soil attributes -wildlife habitat three general forest land classification systems - correct answer
- stand based land classification
- strata based land classification
- ecological land classification forest stand definition - correct answer a unit of forest area that is uniform in species composition and age class 1-100 has in size How do we classify/delineate stands? - correct answer 1. Photogrammetry (remote sensing)
ecological zonation definition - correct answer change in ecosystem structure and function across space Three Branches of Forestry - correct answer 1. Forest Classification and Mapping
- Forest Mensuration
- Forest Finance & Economics Basic objective of forestry - correct answer Develop a plan of action some assessment of the current and future state f the forest resources Types of sampling designs - correct answer -random sampling -systematic sampling -representative (or selective) sampling Usual target sampling intensity - correct answer Most situation target a sampling intensity of around 1-5% of the area looking to be sampled Types of plot design - correct answer 1. fixed area sample plots
- point sample plots (variable radius) sampling and plot design Stand indicator: stem density - correct answer -one of the most basic metric of stand structure -count trees in plot -stems/ha -indicator for regeneration, and estimating stand volume typical stem density in forest stand in eastern canada is - correct answer 0-5000 stems/ha
common planting densities in canada are - correct answer 1500-2500 stems/ha sampling and plot design Stand indicator: tree diameter - correct answer -most common measure of tree size -diameter is measured at breast high (1.3m above ground) -measured in cm -indicator of stand structure -goof for estimating tree height stand volume, biomass sampling and plot design Stand indicator: stand basal area - correct answer -sum of cross sectional area of a tree, measured at DBH -calculated from DBH or estimated using an angle gauge/prism -m^2/ha -indicator of species composition -estimates stand volume and biomass sampling and plot design stand indicator: tree height - correct answer -most expensive measures of tree size -measured using a clinometer or hypsometer -variants of height: loreys height and top height -meters -indicator of vertical stand structure, estimated productivity. Sampling and plot design stand Indicator: Timber volume - correct answer
- direct measure of primary commodity (wood fiber) -sum total volume of all trees (or merchantable) -units: solid wood units, weight units, stacked wood units, manufactured units Solid Wood Units - correct answer -m measured by:
