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PHIL 347 Midterm.docx....PHIL 347 Midterm.docx, Exams of Nursing

University of CambridgeNursing

PHIL 347 Midterm.docx....PHIL 347 Midterm.docx

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PHIL 347 Midterm
Generic sense of God - correct answer Exists as a
being, distinct, eternal, uncreated
A transcendent being that the world is causally dependent on
Agency
Awe-inspiring, excellent
Theism - correct answer Belief in God
Natural Theology - correct answer Philosophical
reasons for belief in God (generic theism)
Revealed Theology - correct answer Belief in God
based on Authority (religion specific)
Cosmological Argument - correct answer 1. Everything
that begins to exist has a cause
2. The universe began to exist
A) No actual infinity of real things
B) Cannot transverse infinity
C) Thermodynamics
D) Big Bang Singularity
3. Hence, the universe has a cause
A priori - correct answer the explanations are done
completely on a conceptual level. True regardless of evidence, intuitive
A posteriori - correct answer Depends on empirical
and observational data, after evidence
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9

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PHIL 347 Midterm

Generic sense of God - correct answer Exists as a being, distinct, eternal, uncreated A transcendent being that the world is causally dependent on Agency Awe-inspiring, excellent Theism - correct answer Belief in God Natural Theology - correct answer Philosophical reasons for belief in God (generic theism) Revealed Theology - correct answer Belief in God based on Authority (religion specific) Cosmological Argument - correct answer 1. Everything that begins to exist has a cause

  1. The universe began to exist A) No actual infinity of real things B) Cannot transverse infinity C) Thermodynamics D) Big Bang Singularity
  2. Hence, the universe has a cause A priori - correct answer the explanations are done completely on a conceptual level. True regardless of evidence, intuitive A posteriori - correct answer Depends on empirical and observational data, after evidence

Cosmological Argument Supplemental Argument A Priori - correct answer Philoponus

  1. Cant be an infinity of real things
  2. A) If the universe were eternal, the present would be preceded by an infinity of past events
  3. B) But an infinite series couldn't be transverse.
  4. C) therefore, the universe cannot be eternal Cosmological Argument Supplemental Argument A Posteriori - correct answer Craig
  5. Thermodynamics
  6. Big Bang Singularity Thermodynamics - correct answer 1. The energy amount is constant & being converted to heat energy
  7. The heat, the total energy in the universe, approaches cosmic equilibrium
  8. If the universe has always existed, we should have run out of energy an infinite time ago Big Bang Singularity - correct answer Expanding universe (Hubble)
  9. The universe moving backwards would contract to a singular point
  10. Detectable background radiation is indicative of an explosion Cosmological Argument Objections - correct answer 1. Hume's empiricist objection to premise one
  11. Krauss' quantum physics objection to premise one
  12. Russell's set theory objection to premise two support "actual infinities are absurd"
  13. The gap objection Hume's Objection to the Cosmological Argument - correct answer Objection to premise one
  1. Only addresses a possibility of actual infinity not traversing an infinity First Cause Cosmological Argument - correct answer 1. Everything that begins to exist has a cause
  2. The universe began to exist A) No actual infinity of real things B) Cannot transverse infinity C) Thermodynamics D) Big Bang Singularity
  3. Hence, the universe has a cause
  4. A cause can be mechanical (laws of nature) or personal (choice)
  5. If the cause of the universe were mechanical and eternal, then the effect would be eternal as well.
  6. The universe isn't eternal (#2!)
  7. therefore the cause of the universe is not mechanical
  8. therefore, the cause of the universe is personal 5) in order to have a mechanical cause, you need matter and laws 6) but these didn't exist prior to the universe 7*) hence, the cause must be personal Leibinz Cosmological Argument - correct answer 1. Everything contingent presupposes something else as its explanation
  9. the world is contingent
  10. therefore, the world presupposes something else as its explanation
  11. this thing could be either contingent or necessary
  12. if contingent, it will not be a sufficient explanation of the world
  13. but principle of sufficient reason (PSR): everything has a sufficient reason.
  14. hence the explanation of the world cannot be contingent but must be necessary Objections to first cause - correct answer 1. Russell
  1. Hume Russell's objection to first cause - correct answer Rejecting the PSR; Universe is a brute fact; idk but If you say that everything has a cause, then God must have a cause; If the universe has a cause, then what is the cause of the cause Hume's objection to first cause - correct answer necessary being no coherent sense --> everything conceived of existing can be not conceived of not existing There is no empirical evidence that rules out that things could be in motion without a cause Direct Design Argument Version One - correct answer
  1. There are in biological nature seemingly, purposeful intricate structures (like the eye!)
  2. These structures emerged as a result of design or mindfully
  3. It is counterintuitive that these structures emerged mindlessly/randomly/accidentally
  4. Hence, they are the result of Design Design Argument Version Two - correct answer 1) There are in biological nature seemingly, purposeful intricate structures (like the eye!)
  5. These structures emerged as a result of design or mindfully
  6. Purposefulness implies a purposer
  7. Hence, there is a purposer Analogical Design Argument - correct answer 1) There are in biological nature seemingly, purposeful intricate structures (like the eye!)
  8. Purposeful intricate structures are the product of intelligent design
  9. By analogy, purposeful intricate structures in nature are presumably also the product of intelligent design

Design Argument Responses to Objections - correct answer

  1. Random Genetic Mutation
  • Not brought about as a result of the perceived adaptational needs of the organism
  • Can god play a role in the adaptation
  1. God causing the Mutation
  • eye spot, blind spot Basic Ontological Argument - correct answer 1) Its possible God exists
  1. God exists if and only if it is necessary that God exists
  2. Hence, its possible that its necessary that God exists
  3. For any proposition P, if its possible that it is necessary that P1 then P (S5)
  4. Hence, God exists (f3,4) Expanded Ontological Argument - correct answer 1. Its possible that unsurpassable greatness is exemplified
  1. Unsurpassable greatness is exemplified if and only if necessary omnipotence, omniscient, and omnibenevolence is exemplified
  2. Hence, it is possible that it is necessary o1, o2, o3 are exemplified
  3. It is possible that it is necessary that proposition.
  4. Hence, necessary O1, O2, O3, is exemplified Iterated Modalities - correct answer possible that its possible p is true in at least one possible world possible that its necessary p is true in all possible worlds Irvine Ontological Argument - correct answer 1) Scientific attitude according how well they mirror reality
  1. Applies to logical theories (systems, modal, S5)
  1. Adjudicated by trial & error to propositions and/or facts
  2. Scientific attitude to apply to logical principles, must be possible for any logical principle to be possibly false
  3. To be possibly false, reject necessitation, for it must be rejected that a logical principle be necessarily necessary (reject S5)
  4. Doesn't imply that we must reject a logical principles be necessary - only that it is necessarily necessary Irvine Objections - correct answer 1) scientific attitude
  • idea that necessities vary across domains Objections to the Mondal Ontological Argument - correct answer
  1. Parody
  2. Stipulate concepts that have necessity Parody of Ontological Argument - correct answer These concepts don't have necessity built in Stipulate concepts of Ontological Argument - correct answer Yes, aim is to show that the theist is rational in taking God to actually exist. Seems God Exist > Possible God Exists > God actually exist Switching the words of the Ontological Argument - correct answer Epistemic possibility, less affirmation Anselm's Ontological Argument - correct answer 1: The concept of God is the concept of a being greater than which cannot be conceived 2: The non-theist can conceive of God. 3: Suppose that God existed only in the mind of the non-theist 4: Then it would be possible for the non-theist to conceive of a greater-being 5: This is contradictory 6: Hence, God must exist also a part from the mind of the non-theist