Glass
Refractive Index (RI) Determination
The refractive index measures how much light bends when passing through glass. It is calculated using the
formula:
n = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in glass
Fracture Analysis
Force direction: where the force originated (inside or outside)
Sequence of impacts: where the fracture occurred first
Types of Fractures:
Radial Fractures
Extend outward from the point of impact
Form first on the opposite side of the force
Concentric Fractures
Circular cracks around the impact point
Form later, on the same as the force
Fracture Patterns and Impact Analysis
Force Direction
Radial cracks form first, followed by concentric cracks
Radial cracks x45will stop at pre-existing fractures, indicating sequence
Sequence of Impacts
A fracture that terminates at another fracture indicates that it occurred after the intersected one
Bullet Holes in Glass
Entry side: smooth and small hole
Exit side: wider, crater-like shape (due to higher force disperal)
Sequence: determine using intersecting radial and concentric cracks
