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FSC100 MIDTERM REVIEW QUESTIONS, Exams of Social Sciences

United States International UniversitySocial Sciences

FSC100 MIDTERM REVIEW QUESTIONS

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 01/09/2026

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FSC100 MIDTERM REVIEW
atavists - Answer -insisted that criminals were born to commit crimes due to biological
deviance
positivists - Answer -claimed that. crime is the product of social causes
recidivism - Answer -the act of repeating an offence
Cesare Lombroso - Answer --(1835-1909)
-atavist and practicing psychiatrist
-father of modern criminology
-argued that criminals were born deviant based on the size and shape of their bodies
-visited hospitals, asylums, prisons, took measurements, collected writings and
drawings, took photographs, etc.
Alexandre Lacassagne - Answer --(1843-1924) was a positivist
-father of forensic medicine
-pointed to charts and maps and linked crime rates with geography, the behaviour of
criminals depended on their social environment
Joseph Vacher - Answer --the French Ripper
-executed in 1898 for the murders of more than 23 people
taken into custody of a failed abduction. When incarcerated, confessed to several
murders
-Lacassagne attended the trial, researched Vacher's life, interviewed him, wrote
extensively on details of the case, and provided testimony
Alphonse Bertillon - Answer --(1853-1914)
-created the first system of physical measurements combined with photography and
record keeping that police could use to define recidivist criminals
-concept of mugshots
-emphasized on creating an immediate identification system rather than understanding
the inherent morphology of criminals
-this system is referred to as signaletics (or the Bertillonage method)
-changes in measurements created issues with identifying criminals correctly
-the Bertillon system was used for over 30 Years, fingerprinting replaced this system
Edmond Locard - Answer --(1877-1966)
-criminalistics: the science of solving crime, was considered forensic science by the
1970's
Hans Gross - Answer --(1847-1915)
-Austrian professor of criminal law
-coined the term "criminalistics"
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FSC100 MIDTERM REVIEW

atavists - Answer - insisted that criminals were born to commit crimes due to biological deviance positivists - Answer - claimed that. crime is the product of social causes recidivism - Answer - the act of repeating an offence Cesare Lombroso - Answer --(1835-1909)

  • atavist and practicing psychiatrist
  • father of modern criminology
  • argued that criminals were born deviant based on the size and shape of their bodies
  • visited hospitals, asylums, prisons, took measurements, collected writings and drawings, took photographs, etc. Alexandre Lacassagne - Answer --(1843-1924) was a positivist
  • father of forensic medicine
  • pointed to charts and maps and linked crime rates with geography, the behaviour of criminals depended on their social environment Joseph Vacher - Answer --the French Ripper
  • executed in 1898 for the murders of more than 23 people taken into custody of a failed abduction. When incarcerated, confessed to several murders
  • Lacassagne attended the trial, researched Vacher's life, interviewed him, wrote extensively on details of the case, and provided testimony Alphonse Bertillon - Answer --(1853-1914)
  • created the first system of physical measurements combined with photography and record keeping that police could use to define recidivist criminals
  • concept of mugshots
  • emphasized on creating an immediate identification system rather than understanding the inherent morphology of criminals
  • this system is referred to as signaletics (or the Bertillonage method)
  • changes in measurements created issues with identifying criminals correctly
  • the Bertillon system was used for over 30 Years, fingerprinting replaced this system Edmond Locard - Answer --(1877-1966)
  • criminalistics: the science of solving crime, was considered forensic science by the 1970's Hans Gross - Answer --(1847-1915)
  • Austrian professor of criminal law
  • coined the term "criminalistics"

Locard's Exchange Principle - Answer --microscopic traces are the silent witnesses in crime

  • when any two objects come into contact there is always a transference of material from each object onto another Evidence - Answer - anything that can give or substantiate information in a legal investigation Indirect Witness - Answer --did not witness the crime
  • may not be aware that a crime occurred eg. a neighbour that heard a loud crash Direct Witness - Answer --witnessed the crime or are a victim of the crime Associative Evidence - Answer - any evidence that places an individual at a scene and/or with a victim Class Evidence - Answer - evidence that requires classification into a more narrow range Electronic Evidence - Answer - information and data transmitted and/or stored in any electronic device Latent Evidence - Answer - any evidence that is not visible without the use of chemical, photographic, or electronic development / enhancement Trace Evidence - Answer - evidence that has to be extracted from another substance and is in very small amounts, often invisible to the naked eye Indicative Evidence - Answer - evidence that substantiates or proves that a certain period of time has elapsed Circumstantial - Answer - facts, observations, activities from which the culpability of an individual may be inferred LOSER - Answer - LISTEN to victims and/ or witnesses OBSERVE the scene and surroundings- including the approach SEARCH for potential victims, suspects, witnesses, and physical evidence EVALUATE the scene and information obtained - does it add up? RECORD information in a memorandum or case book Role of the First Responder - Answer --three tiered response: police, fire department, emergency medical services
  • all scenes must be treated as criminal investigations as any incidence can have criminal origin

Methods in Assessing Bloodstains - Answer --string reconstruction uses angular estimates based on the length/width ratio calculation and pieces of string to link the stains to a common origin 0tangent method requires calculation of the incident angle and determination of the area of origin through trigonometry

  • computation of the point of impact can be achieved through the use of a 3D Computer Program Coroner - Answer --elected or appointed official involved in the investigation of the sudden and/or unattended death of any citizen, and whenever there is suspicion of foul play
  • can seek the assistance of any specialist, when necessary, to determine the case and manner of death
  • in cases where death is unexplained, sudden, and/or accidental, an inquest (a legal inquiry) may be held by the coroner to further investigate the death Medical Examiner - Answer --legally appointed medical doctor, usually specializing in forensic pathology, who reviews deaths occurring as a result of accident, homicide, and suicide
  • any death that becomes suspicious becomes a case for the M.E. who then becomes the central figure in the forensics investigation
  • the M.E. visits crime scenes, examines medical and laboratory evidence and is chiefly responsible for the autopsy Cause and Manner of Death - Answer --there are several categories that define the manner in which a person has died: how the death occurred, where and when it occurred, and whether the death could have been Brought about by accident, suicide, homicide, natural causes, or undetermined cicrumstances
  • the cause of death is the actual trauma, event, disease, or illness that triggers the physiological processes resulting in death Autopsy and Identification - Answer --forensic autopsies occur to find a cause and manner of death. the permission of the family is not required in forensic autopsies, but they do need to be approved by the coroner
  • the best is externally and internally examined and is thoroughly documented
  • before external examination begins, radiographs, blood tests, fingerprints are all recorded, dental records are compared with those of missing persons External Examination - Answer --a description of the deceased as well as their belongings are documented
  • great care is taken as the body can bear trace evidence Internal Examination - Answer --if the body is relatively intact, the head, chest, and abdominal area will receive the most attention because thats where the organs are the method of cutting and removing that is used is referred to as the Rokitansky procedure
  • the overall visual inspection of the insides is referred to as macroscopic. Samples are taken for microscopic observation Antemortem - Answer --before death
  • can be used to identify an individual ie. if they broke their arm before, you can tell through tissue scarring on the corpse. you can then identify them with the use of previous medical records Perimortem - Answer --at or around the time of death
  • tissue lesions with no evidence of healing is an indicator 2 Things to Consider:
  1. the nature of the lesion (the type of injury that has occurred) and the cause of the lesion (the implement or event that caused this injury)
  • ie. bullet wounds, sharp force injury (any pointed / sharp implement), blunt force injury (a blow from a blunt object) Postmortem - Answer --after death
  • 2 kinds: intentional and unintentional
  • Intentional refers to the intent and acts of a perpetrator when dealing with the remains (i.e. dismemberment)
  • Unintentional refers to a variety of factors that may modify or damage remains (i.e.. animal scavenging, weather, etc) Defining Death - Answer - Somatic:
  • the first stage
  • cardiac activity stops
  • no respiration or movement Cellular:
  • final stage
  • metabolism ceases
  • all cells are dead Algor Mortis - Answer --body loses heat
  • core body temp falls to that of surrounding environment
  • 0 - 2 hours Livor Mortis - Answer --blood clotting
  • bruising / blanching becomes evident
  • blood coagulates
  • livor mortis becomes fixed approx 4-6 hours after death
  • 1 - 4 hours Rigor Mortis - Answer --lactic acid build up in muscle tissue
  • proteins in muscle begin to fuse
  • muscle groups stiffen
  • stiffening dissipates after 24-48 hours