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FTCE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Explicit Meaning - Clearly and Directly stated in passage Inference, conclusion, assumptions - An educated guess based on GIVEN facts and premises *Inference and conclusion is never stated. It's implied. Main Idea/Claim - The central message of the passage Supporting Details/Evidence - Examples, facts, statistics, illustrations, cases, and anecdotes used by the author to explain/develop the main idea Rebuttal - The argument's refutation of counter arguments that offer other opinions Warrant - The argument's reasoning that connects the evidence to the main idea Context Clues - Help readers determine the meaning of the passage or WORDS Expository or Exposition Writing - Used to inform, explain, or define unknown topics. Uses objective tone and non-emotional information (facts, statistics..) Descriptive or Self-expression Writing - Centers on a person, place, or object. Uses sensory words to create tone, mood, or impression, *Arranges details/events in chronological order Narrative or Entertainment Writing - Uses an incident, anecdote, or related series of events. This type of writing is used to amuse or arouse interest in reader Passages are set up to answer the 5 Ws (Who, what, when, where, and why?). -Chronology, the 5 Ws, a topic sentence, and conclusion are essential ingredients. Highly descriptive and action-orientated Persuasive Writing - Used to convince readers to adopt writer's point of view Implies the writer's ability to select vocabulary and arrange facts to convince readers Journalistic Writing - Free of author bias. Information is factual ans objective Spontaneous passage - Free flowing ideas and feelings. No particular order.
Allegorical passage - Things (person, place or thing) are presented in a symbolic way that lie outside the narrative itself Facts - verifiable statements Opinion - Statements that need to be supported by beliefs, values, feelings, and judgments before its accepted Judgments - Opinions that express approval or disapproval (based on observation or reasoning) Tone - The author's attitude towards the subject matter Pessimistic, optimistic, informative.... Bias - An opinion or feeling that strongly favors one side of an argument Sequence of events - Order of sentences - Details are presented in the order they have occurred. (chronologically) Classifcation - Order of sentences - The paragraph presents grouped info about a topic. Beginning: states the topic Later paragraphs: state the common base of the different elements. Addition - Relationships between sentences - One sentence is "added" to another without making one sentence depend upon the other. Both are important. Think terms of addition: also, in addition, in other words, to repeat, that is, again Clarification - Relationships between sentences - One sentence restates the point of an earlier one but in different terms Terms: in fact, Comparison/contrast - Relationships between sentences - The similarity or difference of an person, place, or thing Terms: likewise, on the other hand, yet, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast, instead of Example - Relationships between sentences - One sentence that works to make another more specific (implicit) The idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph proves it.
Technical - Words with specialized meaning Ex. Bandwith, hyperlink Jargon - A special language belonging to a certain group Ex. BP (blood pressure) Simile - Metaphor using LIKE or AS Ex. Run like the wind Personification - Adding human qualities to non-human objects Ex. The wind howled Idioms - A specific word or phrase that means something to the speaker of that language. Ex. Tim is all thumbs (He's not a handy person) Analogies - Compares two things with similar relationship Ex. Hot is to sun, as cold is to ice Oxymoron - When two things contradict each other Ex. Bittersweet, organized chaos Euphemism - Using an innocuous expression instead of one that upsets/offends Ex. He passed away (instead of he died) Time-ordered sequence of events - Organization and Structure Terms - First, Second, Third Later, at last, before, After, until, when Listing of events, ideas, and activities - Organization and Structure Terms - In addition, for example, several Another, also, a number of Definition followed by example of definition - Organization and Structure Terms - Is defined as, is called, refers to Is described as, term or concept, means
Division or classification of ideas from general to specific (deductive) - Organization and Structure Terms - Whole, it follows, component part, category, in conclusion Cause and effect - Organization and Structure Terms - Hence, for this reason, thus Because, consequently, therefore made, on that account Compare and Contrast - Organization and Structure Terms - Similar, but, on the other hand like, however, in contrast resembles, bigger than, parallels different, smaller than Description of a place, person, or event - Organization and Structure Terms - Is, in, beside like, above, near resembles, below, north, east, south, west Subjective voice - when writers take a personal approach to the subject. Involves emotions. Objective voice - When writers take an impartial approach to the subject. Involves facts. 1st Person Point of View - A narrative written with "i". Ex. I went to the mall 2nd Person Point of View - A narrative where the writer addresses the reader as "you" Ex. You went to the mall 3rd Person Point of View - A narrative told by an objective voice. Does not mention "you, I, me..." Uses He, she, they, them and so on. KEEP objective voice when writing in 3rd person glutton - overeater grandiose - extravagant
antagonism - hostility apathy - lock of emotion appease - to make quiet, calm apprehensive - fearful; conscious arbitary - based on one's preference articulate - to speak distinctly astute - cunning; crafty augemnt - in increase or add; make larger austere - harsh; strict authentic - genuine banal - ordinary belittle - to make small benefactor - a donor benevolent - kind; generous benign - harmless biased - influenced blashpemous - away from acceptable standards blithe - happy; cheery candid - chaneable caustic - sarcastic; harsh censor - delete objectionable material censure - to criticize or disapprove of coalesce - to combine; come together
compatible - in agreement complacent - content; self-satidfied comprehensive - complete concise - bried condone - to loverlook, to forgive consummation - finish contemporary - modern contempt - scorn; disrespect conventional - traditional; common; routine deliberate - to consider carefully; weigh in the mind denouce - to speak out against; condemn depict - to portray; in words or images deplete - to reduce depravity - moral corruption; badness desecrate - to violate detached - separated; stand alone deter - to prevent disgress - stray from the subject diligence - hard work discerning - distinguishing one thing from another discord - lack of harmony disdain - intense dislike; look down upon; scorn disparage - to belittle
fallacious - misleading fervent - intense; passionate fickle - changeable; unpredictable frivolity - lack of seriousness furtive - secretive;shy futile - worthless Prime factorization - Go as low as you can to multiply the given number Non prime: can still be broken down smaller - Computer=1200 dollars - get 40% discount on printer when comp is purchases - printer=300 - Solve this. - 300 x .4= 120 300-120=180 - printer=180 - 1200+180=1380 - Finding the area of a pen - one side= 60 - total meters=200 - 60 on two longer sides 40 on two shorter sides - 60 x 40=2400 - What is an acute triangle? - all angles less than 90 degrees What is an obtuse angle? - Atleast one angle is more than 90 degrees What is a right triangle - 90 degrees
What is an isosceles triangle? - Two sides have equal angles A building 51 feet casts a shadow 48 feet long. A nearby statue casts a shadow 16 feet. how tall is the statue? - 48/16= 51/3=17 - Parallelism - Give an example - the use of successive verbal constructions that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meaning, etc. Ex: Judes actions were heroic and praiseworthy. - Wrong: Were heroic and to be praised. (different style) - Parallel expressions - both pieces of the sentence must be used in the same grammatical construction Fragments - Does not express a complete thought missing something (usually a subject) - Ex: Didn't run fast enough. - Comma splice - The use of a comma to combine two independent clauses Run on sentence - two or more independent clauses are joined without appropriate punctuation or a word to connect them. Verb forms - EX: sing sang sun singing sings What is a pronoun? - Used to take the place of a noun. EX: I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, What is an antecedent? - An antecedent is a word for which a pronoun stands agreement between pronoun and antecedent. - keeping a sentence in the same form. Either singular or plural phrases continued throughout the piece of writing. inappropriate Pronoun shifts - does not have a clear noun antecedent. EX: After putting the disc in the cabinet, mabel sold it. - We don't know what she sold. -
Dividing rational numbers - Example: 1/2 divided by 1/6 - Flip 1/6 to be 6/1 - 1/2 times 6/1 = 6/2 - 6/2=3 - Adding rational numbers - 1/4 plus 1/4 =2/ DONT ADD BOTTOM IF THEY ARE THE SAME - 2/4 can be broken down to 1/2 - Subtracting rational numbers - 3/4 - 1/4 = 2/ 2/4 can be broken to 1/2 - Multiplying rational numbers - 1/2 x 2/5 = 2/ 2/1 can be broken down to 1/5 - Pythagorean therum - a2 + b2=c Example: - 6^2+8^2 - 36+84=100 - Sq rt 100=10 - c=10 - Inequalities - Less than: Big side facing right More than: Big side facing left - Quadrants on a graph - 2 1
Slope - Line through the points Perpendicular - One of the lines creates a 90 degree angle Tangency - touching at a single point, EX: A Circle Range - Highest-lowest Standard deviation chart #'s - 34.1, 13.6, 2. Probability equation - # of ways it can happen/Total number of outcomes Z score - -4,-3,-2,-1,M,1,2,3, T score - 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80, Mean=50 - SD=10 - Permutation - an ordered combination Gingerly definition - carefully, cautiously Trepidation Definition - Fear Accede - To agree with Concede - To yield, to compromise Adept - To be skillful Affect/Effect - Affect: to influence Effect: the outcome or consequence, to cause change or accomplish - Coarse - Vulgar or rude complEment - to complete a part or to bring to perfection disinterested/uninterested - disinterested- impartial or without judgement uninterested- no interest -
0/30, 30/0 - 0/0 can't do it 17/0 can't do it - 0/17 =0 - 0/30=0 - 30/0 can't do it - Muliplication problem terminology x=____ - Factor x Factor= product Division terminology - Dividend/Divisor= Quotient Addition Terminology - Addend + Addend =sum Subtraction terminology - Minuend-Subtrahend=Difference prime vs composite numbers - Prime- can only be multiplied by 1 and itself Composite- can be multiplied by another set of numbers Ex 4 (1x4, 2x2) - Is 1 prime or composite? - Neither How do you find prime factors of a number - Using the tree. Breaking the number in half until it can't be broken down anymore A rational number is a number that can be written in the form a/b where a and b are ____ and b is NOT ____ - Integers, zero What is 3/4 of 1/2? Describe the process of it - Divide the block in half first Then divide one half into four parts - Shade 3/4 of the parts - thats the answer - Convert the Decimals to fractions - 0.7 - 0.07 - 0.007 - 0.7=7/
How to find a fraction percentage. - 1/4% - 1/4 x 1/100= 1/ Finding 12 1/2 % - 12x2=24+1= 25/2 x 1/100= 25/200 - 25/200=25/25 / 200/25=1/8 - What is a mixed number - an integer and a fraction ex: 8/5 = 1 3/5 - Rational vs Irrational numbers - Every whole number is a rational number, because any whole number can be written as a fraction.An irrational number can be written as a decimal, but not as a fraction. Real numbers - All rational and irrational numbers In a proportion the ______ are equal - Cross products what are the 4 problem steps? - 1. Understand
- Make a plan -
- Do plan -
- Review - A ____ is a statement that two ____ are equal - Proportion, ratios What is a ratio? - The comparison of two units What is congruent? - Geometric shapes with same shape and size Complementary angles - Two angles who's sum is 90 Supplimentary - Two angles who's sum are 180 Perpendicular lines - two lines intersect at right angles
c. Pertinent Facts - d. State a problem - e. State a question - f. Define term - g. State an interesting/shocking statement about subject - h. Describe subject in a setting - i. Describe/contrast between the past and the future - j. Offer a misconception - k. - End with thesis? - Introduction Options 2 - a. Broad (bigger topic) to narrow (specific claim) b. Personal narrative. Ex: your stories/memories - c. Contrary options. Ex: Some people believe this, some people believe that, but i believe this??? - Transitions For Pros/Cons Essay - ... Objective Language for Pros/Cons Essay - Useful effective - beneficial - advantages/disadvantages - salutary effect - advantageous - favorable - bad, disadvantageous, unfavorable, unfriendly, unhelpful, unprofitable - Conclusion Options - End with...
a. Reference to your intro (story, fact..) - b. Restate details in new words. Discuss the significance of the essay (Should people be cautious or happy about the future?) - c. Ask a question to make the readers think - d. Make essay applicable to the real world - e. Go broad again!! - Avoid these in an essay - a. In conclusion b. to conclude - c. finally - d. to summarize - e. things - f. stuff - g. Don't (use do not) -> Don't use contractions - h. cliches - i. jargon - j. slang - k. GENERALIZATIONS - l. Subjective language (in pros/cons essay) -
