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EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
EDEXCEL A LEVEL JUNE 2023 PHYSICAL
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
x10^11m Distance from earth to sun 1 Light Year in metres - ansOne year =3.15x10^7s Speed of light = 3x10^ Distance = speed x time = 3x10^8 x 3.15x10^ = 9.45 x10^15m 1 parsec in metres - ans3.09x10^16m Distance in pc = 1/parallax angle in seconds of arc 7 SI Units - ansMass (kg) Length (m) Temp (K) Illumination (Candela) Amount of Substance (mole) Electrical Current (amp) Time (s) Absolute Zero - ansThe coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin or -273 degrees, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops. Absorption Spectra - ansa spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific wavelengths. Advantages of Fusion over Fission - ans- Power output is greater
- Raw materials are cheap and available (hydrogen in water)
- No radioactive waster is produced directly Advantages of pulse-echo techniques in pregnancy imaging - ans- non-ionising
- real-time imagery
- surface rendering Age of the universe - ans13.7 billion years Alpha Decay Equation - ans222/88 Ra ---> 4/2 He + 218/86 R Alpha ionising ability - ansVery Strong Alpha penetration - ansStopped by paper, skin or few cm of air Amplitude - ansthe maximum displacement that the particles of a wave's medium vibrate from the centre of the wave Atomic Line Spectra Model Answer - ans- All elements and their isotopes have a line spectrum
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
- The spectra are the wavelengths absorbed or emitted from an element with an electron gains or looses energy
- The energy is lost in the form of photons of certain wavelengths Atomic number - ansthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom backround radiation - ansnuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment Beta ionising ability - ansMedium Strong Beta Minus Decay equation - ans14/6C ---> 14/7N + 0/-1e ) 0/0v Beta penetration - ansStoped by 3mm of aluminium of about 1 m or air Beta Plus Decay equation - ans15/8O ---> 15/7N + 0/1e + 0/0v Binding energy per nucleon curve - ansAll reaction through fission or fusion aim to get to iron 56 because it is the most stable element Black body radiation curves - ans- higher the peak the higher the temperature Black Body radiator - ansA theoretical object that completely absorbs and emits all radiation that lands on it. Breaking Stress - ansThe stress required to fracture a material whether by compression, tension, or shear. Chain Reaction - ansAs a fission reaction splits it produces 3 neutrons which can go on to split 3 other neutrons creating an exponential chain reaction Charge of radiations - ans- Alpha = +
- Beta = -
- Gamma = 0 Coherence - ansWaves that have the same frequency and are always in phase or keep the same phase difference all the time Compare E and G fields model answer - ansNewton's Law of gravitation vs coulombs law of charge:
- Force is felt by objects with mass
- Force is felt by objects with charge
- Force is proportional to the size of the masses
- Force is proportional to the size of charges
- There is a gravitational field around mass
- There is an electric field around charge
- There is only one type of mass
- But two types of charge
- Force in mass is always attractive
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
x 3 3PV = Nmc^ / 3/2PV = 1/2Nmc^ N = PV/kT 3/2PV = 1/2PVmc^2/kT PV Cancel and move kT across 3/2kT = 1/2mc^2 = E destructive interference - ansWhen two interfered waves cancel to create a smaller wave A path difference of one wave that has an extra half wavelength Diffraction - ansThe bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening Diffraction Equation - ansdSinθ = nλ d = 1/N N = number of lines per mm θ= angle of diffraction n= which order (number of dot on wall) λ= wavelength d= distance between slits Displacement time graphs for simple harmonic motion - ans- A sinusoidal wave Displacement, velocity and acceleration time graphs for simple harmonic motion - ans Drawing diagrams for convex lenses where object is after principle focus - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
- Mark the principle focuses
- First ray goes from object to lens then down through the principle focus on the right side
- second ray goes from top of object through principle focus
- Draw image where lines meet Drawing diagrams for convex lenses where object is before principle focus - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
- Mark the principle focuses
- First ray goes from object to lens then down through the principle focus on the right side
- second ray goes from top of object through principle focus
- Trace back rays
- Draw image where lines meet Drawing Lens diagram for a concave lens - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
- Mark the principle focuses
- first ray goes from top of object to lens and then goes upward in line with focus
- Second ray goes from top of object through optical centre
- Where rays cross is where image forms Elastic - ansa material is elastic if it is able to regain its shape after it has been compressed or stretched Elastic Energy Equation - ansE = 1/2Fx Or Q = 1/2kx^ Or Area under a force extension graph Electric and magnetic fields effect on radiation - ansAlpha: yes Beta: yes Gamma: no Electron Gun Model Answer - ans- Low voltage supply heats filament causes thermionic emission/ electrons have enough energy to leave
- Electrons are repulsed from the cathode (filament) and attracted towards the anode
- This electric field causes electrons to accelerate
- There is a hole in the anode which creates a beam for electrons that pass through
- Electrons are then fired through a vacuum (to stop interfering particles) onto a fluorescent screen Electron Volt - ansThe energy given to an electron by accelerating it through 1 volt of electric potential difference. 1.6 x 10-19 joules. Emission Spectrum - ansa spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, showing coloured lines due to the emission of the wavelengths Energy Frequency equation - ansE = hf E = energy h = plank's constant f = frequency Energy Levels Model Answer - ans- Input of energy, absorption of a photon or a high energy collision
- Electrons are in ground state which is the most stable
- When absorbing energy electrons excite to a higher energy level
- This energy level is unstable so electrons deexcite and emit a photon which is a small packet of light energy
- E = hf the higher the energy the higher the frequency e.g. x ray may be released if it is a high energy
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Free oscillation - ansA oscillation displaced from its equilibrium position and then allowed to oscillate at natural frequency without any external forces Frequency - ansNumber of oscillation in one second Frequency Equation - ansf=1/T Gamma Ionising ability - answeak Gamma penetration - ansreduced significantly by several cm of lead Gravitational Field - ansthe region of space surrounding a body in which another body experiences a force of gravitational attraction. Gravitational Field Strength - ansThe force acting on each kilogram of mass in the field g = F/m Half Life - ansthe time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram - ans- Temperature Scale goes right to left
- Luminosity is a log scale
- The sun is on main sequence just under red giants Hooke's Law - ansExtension is directly proportional to force until the spring reaches it's elastic limit F = kx How can resonance be destructive? - ansWashing machines and buses will often vibrate violently when the engine oscillate at their natural frequency Resonance that smashes a glass when a singer hits the note that is the natural frequency of the glass Resonance can make bridges vibrate as peoples natural frequency of walking can match the bridge How can standard candles be used to measure distance model answer - ans- measure flux on earth
- use I = L/4 x pi x d^2 to calculate d from earths surface to standard candle
- Clouds of dust and gas will absorb energy which will reduce intensity and the calculated distance we be further away How damping affects resonance - ansDamping absorbs energy of oscillation Amplitude decreases Resonance peak gets broader Resonant frequency gets lower so peak moves to the left on a graph How damping is used? - ansDamping of buildings in earthquake zones Foundations are designed to absorb energy and this stops building amplitude from reaching dangerous levels
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
How electron diffraction is evidence for the wave nature of electrons - ans- Electrons wavelength is about the size of an atom
- So electrons are passed through layers of graphite
- this diffracts electrons into diffraction rings
- diffraction is proof that electrons have a wave nature How is an absorption/ emission spectrum produced? - ansShining white light through a sample of a gaseous element The samples of the emission spectrum (the wavelengths missing from the absorption spectrum) are a result of the absorption of energy by electrons corresponding to the energy levels of the element by the gas How to account of background radiation? - ansMeasure background count Subtract this from radioactive element count How to calculate half life? - ansHalf life = ln2/decay constant How to calculate nuclear binding energy from a nuclear decay equation? - ansTh -> Ra + a Mass of Th nuclear-(Mass of Ra nuclear + mass of alpha particle) Convert u to kg Multiply by speed of light^2 E = mc^ Convert to Mev How to calculate the age of the universe - anst = d/v v / Hd t = d/Hd t = 1/H How to convert kg to u - anskg / 1.6605x10^- How to convert u to kg - anskg / 1.6605x10^- How to find gravitational field strength on a satellite at a height? - ansg = v^2 / r How to find mass number? - ansprotons + neutrons The bigger number of element table How to find maximum velocity of shm - ansVmax = 2 x pi x f x amplitude You can measure amplitude with a ruler and use a stopwatch to find frequency How to find number of electrons? - ansatomic/ proton number How to find number of neutrons? - ansmass number - atomic number
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Life cycle of a medium star - ansnebula-protostar, main sequence star, red giant-super nova, neutrons star Life Cycle of a small star - ansnebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf Life cycle of large star - ansnebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, super nova, black hole Limit of proportionality - ansThe value of stress or force beyond which stress is no longer directly proportional to strain Limitations of pulse echo techniques - ansPulse cannot be sent until the previous one has returned of they will interfere The duration of a pulse limits the info that can be obtained Longitudinal Wave Description - ans- Waves travel through a series of compressions and rare fractions
- The separate displacements of each oscillating part of the spring are in the same direction as the wave velocity Longitudinal Wave Graph - ans Magnfication - ansThe ratio of image size to object size Magnification Equation - ansMagnification = image size/ object size = v / u v = image distance u = object distance Mass number - ansthe sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus Mass of radiations - ans- Alpha = 4u
- Beta = 0.00055 u
- Gamma = 0 Mass on a spring time period equation - ansT = 2 pi x root(m/k) Mev/c^2 to Kg - ansx 10^ x 1.6x10^- /(3x10^8)^ Model Answer for Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment - ans- Rutherford fired fast moving alpha particles at thin gold foil
- Most alpha particles passed straight through the foil
- Some alpha particles were deflected
- Some alpha particles bounced back
- This meant all of an atoms positive charge was concentrated at the centre of the atom
- The atom was mainly empty space
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
- Electrons surround the nucleus but at relatively large distances from it Model answer for Fission - ans- Strong nuclear forces that hold the nucleus together only act a small distance
- When a big nucleus absorbs a neutron it deforms the nucleus
- The electrostatic repulsion between protons becomes greater than the strong nuclear force
- it then splits (random) Model answer for fusion - ans- two light nuclei join together to make a heavier nucleus
- This gives out more energy per nucleon than than fission as the increase in binding energy is much larger for fusion reactors Model Answer for resonance - ansThe amplitude of a vibration is at maximum when the frequency of an object matches its natural frequency Nature of Alpha Radiation - ans2 protons and 2 neutrons A helium nucleas Nature of Beta Radiation - ansAn electron Nature of Gamma Radiation - ansAn electromagnetic wave of very short wavelength and high frequency Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - ansEvery object in the universe attracts every other object Nuclear Binding Energy - ansThe energy needed to separate a nucleus into individual protons and neutrons E = mc^ Binding Energy = mass difference x the speed of light^ Nucleon - ansAny subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus. Nucleon number - ansthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Overdamping - ansHeavy damping such that the system takes longer to return to equilibrium than a critically damped system Path difference - ansdifference in the distances two waves must travel from their sources to a given point Path difference of 1 wavelength equals - ansphase difference of 360 degrees or 2 pi Pendulum time period equation - ansT = 2 pi x root(l/g) Photo Electric Effect Model Answer - ans- 1 Electron near the surface of a metal gains 1 photon and gains enough energy to be liberated
- The work function is the energy needed for the electron to escape the surface
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Pressure, Volume, Temperature equation before and after - ansP1 x V1 / T1 = P2 x V2 / T Proton number - ansthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Proton Number - ansthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom pulse-echo technique model answer - ans- If you are able to send a pulse wave and it be reflected of a surface and back to receiver you can calculate a distance
- If you measure the time taken to send reflect and bounce back to the receiver you can half the time to obtain the time taken for it to hit the surface
- You can then use d = s x 1/2t to work out a distance Pulse-echo technique uses - ansUltrasound medical imaging Sonar radars Ray Diagram for refraction - ans- Angle of incidence must equal angle of refraction Real Image - ansAn image formed on the right side of a lens and can be projected onto a screen upside down Refraction - ansThe bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another Refractive Index Equation - ansn = c/v refractive index = speed of light in a vaccum/speed of light in the medium Relationship between internal energy and atomic movement - ansEnergy is needed to make atoms vibrate But even more energy is then needed to change state of matter because it has to break bonds Resonance model answer - ansEvery Structure has a natural frequency and this is the frequency that it will oscillate at most easily You can force objects to vibrate at any frequency and this is called the driving frequency If driving frequency = natural frequency amplitude increases dramatically Satellite Calculations equations - ansGravitation force = Centripetal Force GMm/r^2 = mv^2/r Mass cancels GM/r^2 = v^2/r GM/r^2 = g g = v^2/r SHM equation for acceleration - ansa = -Aw^2coswt or
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
a = -w^2x SHM equation for displacement - ansx = Acoswt SHM equation for force - ansF = -kx SHM equation for linear velocity - ansv = -Awsinwt SHM for angular velocity - answ = 2 x pi x f SHM for Time Period - ansT = 1/f or T = 2 x pi / w simple harmonic motion - ansPeriodic motion in which acceleration is proportional to the displacement from an equilibrium position and is directed toward that equilibrium position. Snell's Law - anssini/sinr = refractive index sin i = angle of incidence sin r = angle of refraction Speed of a wave - anshow far the wave travels in a given amount of time Speed of alpha radiation - ans5% of the speed of light Speed of beta radiation - ans98% of the speed of light Speed of gamma radiation - ansspeed of light Standard candles - ansStellar objects of known luminosity Standing Wave - ansWaves are sent from a vibrator across a string, they then they reflect at the node and form a trapped wave between two points Standing Wave formation model answer? - ansWaves are trapped between two points A wave is reflected at a boundary and superposes with an in-phase incident wave and a standing wave is created Stiffness - ansMaterials that are hard to stretch Stoke's Law - ansWhen any object rises or falls through a fluid it will experience a viscous drag F = 6 x pi x n x r x v Stoke's Law assumptions - ansfluid is uniform flow is laminar small spherical object terminal velocity Strength - ansthe ability to maintain shape under the application of force
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Wave equation - ansv=fλ Wave Particle Duality Model Answer - ans Wavefront - ansA joining point at the same position along the wave, the wave moves at right angles to the wave fronts Wavefront Diagram for refraction - ans- Lines must be equally spaced out Wavelength - ansHorizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves What is 1 u? - ans1.6605x10^-27kg What is the refractive index of air? - ans Why can't longitudinal waves be plane polarised? Model answer - ans- Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of travel
- They only travel in one plane
- When transverse waves become polarised they oscillate in one plane, longitudinal waves are already in one plane and thus cannot be polarised Why does the photoelectric effect equation refer to kinetic energy as maximum kinetic energy? - ansIt will not always be an equal energy transfer:
- Some energy may have been transferred to electrons below the surface
- Therefore for these electrons to liberate to the surface there will be heat transfer through collision
- therefore the electrons leaves the surface will less than max Why Fusion is hard to do? - ansThe need for:
- enormous pressure
- enormous temperatures We need these to get two nuclei close enough together to fuse
- Containment using magnetic fields uses more energy than the reaction yields We need this because it is the only way to contain plasma from container walls Work Function - ansthe minimum energy needed to liberate an electron from a metal atom Work function equation - ansWork Function = h x threshold frequency 1 AU in metres - ans1.5 x10^11m Distance from earth to sun 1 Light Year in metres - ansOne year =3.15x10^7s Speed of light = 3x10^
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Distance = speed x time = 3x10^8 x 3.15x10^ = 9.45 x10^15m 1 parsec in metres - ans3.09x10^16m Distance in pc = 1/parallax angle in seconds of arc 7 SI Units - ansMass (kg) Length (m) Temp (K) Illumination (Candela) Amount of Substance (mole) Electrical Current (amp) Time (s) Absolute Zero - ansThe coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin or -273 degrees, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops. Absorption Spectra - ansa spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific wavelengths. Advantages of Fusion over Fission - ans- Power output is greater
- Raw materials are cheap and available (hydrogen in water)
- No radioactive waster is produced directly Advantages of pulse-echo techniques in pregnancy imaging - ans- non-ionising
- real-time imagery
- surface rendering Age of the universe - ans13.7 billion years Alpha Decay Equation - ans222/88 Ra ---> 4/2 He + 218/86 R Alpha ionising ability - ansVery Strong Alpha penetration - ansStopped by paper, skin or few cm of air Amplitude - ansthe maximum displacement that the particles of a wave's medium vibrate from the centre of the wave Atomic Line Spectra Model Answer - ans- All elements and their isotopes have a line spectrum
- The spectra are the wavelengths absorbed or emitted from an element with an electron gains or looses energy
- The energy is lost in the form of photons of certain wavelengths Atomic number - ansthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom backround radiation - ansnuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
Comparing oscillation graphs for simple harmonic motion - ans- Compare amplitudes to show how far something is oscillating
- Compare phase difference to show how far through the cycle something is in Concave Lens - ansDiverging Spreads light Correct short sightedness Conditions for an ideal gas - ans- Molecules are perfectly elastic so they bounce of the container
- They exert forces on each-other only when they collide
- They are so tiny they take up no space at all Conditions needed for total internal reflection - ansHas to be travelling out of a more dense material e.g. water -> air Angle of incidence has to be greater than the critical angle constructive interference - ansWhen two interfered waves add to create a bigger wave A path difference of a whole wavelength Converting Mev to u - ansMev / 931. Converting u to Mev - ansu x 931. Convex - ansConverging Focuses light Correct far sightedness Critical Damping - ansthe condition in which the damping of an oscillator causes it to return as quickly as possible to its equilibrium position without oscillating back and forth about this position De broglie equation - anspredicts all moving particles have wave characteristics wavelength = planck's constant / momentum Density equation - ansDensity = mass/volume Derive E = 1/2mc^2 = 3/2kT - ansPV = 1/3Nmc^ x 3 3PV = Nmc^ / 3/2PV = 1/2Nmc^ N = PV/kT
EDUCATION 9PE0 QUESTION PAPER 2
3/2PV = 1/2PVmc^2/kT PV Cancel and move kT across 3/2kT = 1/2mc^2 = E destructive interference - ansWhen two interfered waves cancel to create a smaller wave A path difference of one wave that has an extra half wavelength Diffraction - ansThe bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening Diffraction Equation - ansdSinθ = nλ d = 1/N N = number of lines per mm θ= angle of diffraction n= which order (number of dot on wall) λ= wavelength d= distance between slits Displacement time graphs for simple harmonic motion - ans- A sinusoidal wave Displacement, velocity and acceleration time graphs for simple harmonic motion - ans Drawing diagrams for convex lenses where object is after principle focus - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
- Mark the principle focuses
- First ray goes from object to lens then down through the principle focus on the right side
- second ray goes from top of object through principle focus
- Draw image where lines meet Drawing diagrams for convex lenses where object is before principle focus - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
- Mark the principle focuses
- First ray goes from object to lens then down through the principle focus on the right side
- second ray goes from top of object through principle focus
- Trace back rays
- Draw image where lines meet Drawing Lens diagram for a concave lens - ans1. Draw principle axis and a lens and an arrow to represent the object
- Mark the principle focuses
- first ray goes from top of object to lens and then goes upward in line with focus
- Second ray goes from top of object through optical centre
- Where rays cross is where image forms Elastic - ansa material is elastic if it is able to regain its shape after it has been compressed or stretched Elastic Energy Equation - ansE = 1/2Fx Or
