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General Pathology Part 2 Revised Study Guide Review
1.High virulence vs Low virulence: The more virulent a microbe is, the more it causes damage,
by penetrating/damaging epithelium. Virulence is how it adheres, invades, and delivers toxins
2.What are different ways the body systems transmit pathogens?: Skin (me- chanical injury
causes pathogen to enter) GI (food/drink contaminates) Respiratory (Inhaling bacteria/virus/fungi) Urogenital (distance from bladder to skin depends on more UTIs) Vertical Transmission (mom to newborn)
3.What are three ways "vertical transmission" of a pathogen from mom to newborn can occur?:
- placenta to fetus (due to mom being sick)
2.Transmission DURING birth (thru birth canal)
3.Post-natal (maternal milk)
4.Bacterial Endotoxins vs Exotoxins?: Endotoxins are toxins that are built within the bacteria,
like LPS in the cell wall of gram - bacterial. Exotoxins are toxins that are secreted to hurt, like enzymes, proteins, superantigens
5.There are 5 ways tissues react to infection:: Suppurative Inflammation (puru- lent- neutrophils)
Mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation Cytopathic-cytoproliferative reaction (viruses) tissue necrosis chronic inflammation and scarring
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6.There are ACUTE (transient) infections: measles mumps
poliovirus west nil viral hemorrhagic fever
7.This acute viral infection affects multiple organs with a wide range of symptoms, is an RNA virus
that is transmitted through respiratory track, and the patient gets a blotchy red-brown rash on the fact, trunk, and extremeties- : Measles
8.This acute viral infection is associated with pain/swelling of the salivary glands: Mumps (think
swelling "bump" of gland rhymes with mumps)
9.The west-nile virus is transmitted via...: a mosquito- and can be extreme enough to be
neuroinvasive
10.These are Latent viral infections: Herpes Simplex Virus
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (type of herpes)
- Cytomegalovirus (type of herpes)
11.Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) has two forms -acute and chronic. What are they?: Acute-
chicken pox latent- herpes zoster/shingles These both infect the mucous membrane
12.Cytomegalovirus is worse in what age group?: children- infects monocytes and bone marrow
progenitors and has giant cells
13.This virus is associated with secondary tumors and causes infectious mononucleosis. It's
4 / 16 transmitted via flea bites, on rats. See buboes- white pustules due to bacteria in the lymphatics
22.Tuberculosis is a mycobacteria that causes what? What are some hall- marks of this disease?:
Causes pulmonary disease, especially in high risk people like those with HIV. There are two types- primary and secondary. Primary TB has the "ghon complex" where there is granulomas (giant cells, with central area of caseous necrosis, mononuclear inflammatory cells)
23."Ghon complex" is a hallmark of which bacterial infection?: Tuberculosis- specifically in
primary TB- this is an area of inflammation with central necrosis (caseous necrosis) that has giant multinucleate cells
24.Leprosy primarily affects which two things?: Skin and Peripheral nerves
25."Syphilis" is caused by which bacteria? Describe this bacteria and the disease: Caused by
Treponema pallidum, a spirochete. Syphilis is a chronic STD that has 3 different phases.
26.What are the characteristics of the 3 different syphilis infections?: Primary syphilis- chancres on
penis/scrotum/vulva/cervix Secondary syphilis- rash on palms, lymphadenopathy Tertiary syphilis- Neurosyphilis, Aortitis, and Gummas
27.What are "gummas" and in which disease can they be found?: Gummas are lesions in the bone,
skin, and mucous membrane. These are seen in people with tertiary syphilis, caused by treponema pallidum, a spirochete
28.What kind of stain would you use to detect Treponema pallidum?: A silver stain
29.This disease is caused by a spirochete, and is transmitted by a deer tick. The infection can be
localized or disseminated and has a tendency to cause chronic arthritis: Lyme disease
30.True or false: Abscesses are caused by normal flora: True- abscesses are just caused by the
5 / 16 flora that live on your skin, not by a specific pathogen that you picked up somewhere
31.Describe one thing about each of these Clostridium diseases:
C. perfringens C. tetani C. botulinum C. dificil: C. perfringens causes gas gangrene C. tetani causes tetnus that is transmitted by puncture wounds of rusty metals, etc C. botulinum- causes botulism, caused by canned foods and releases a neurotoxin C. dificil- a GI infection that causes pseudomembranous colitis
32.The most common STD in the world: Chlamydia trachomatis
33.Describe molds vs yeasts: Molds are filamentous and dimorphic, examples are
aspergillosis and zygomycosis Yeasts are cells/chains, round and oval and budding, and examples are Candida
34.Malaria, Leishmaniasis, African Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas Disease are all what type of
infections?: Parasitic, protozoa infections
35.This disease is transmitted by a mosquito, caused by Plasmodium falci- parum, and infects your
RBCs. People with Sickle Cell are protected from this disease.: Malaria
36.This disease is caused by a sandfly bite, causing chronic inflammation of skin, mucous
membranes, or viscera. There are New World/Old World versions of this: Leishmaniasis
37."African Sleeping Sickness" is called what and is transmitted by what?-
: African Trypanosomiasis, caused by bite of Tsetse flies, and causes parasitic proliferation in the blood that can cause brain dysfunction, cachexia, and death
7 / 16 ulcers
48.This illegal drug is a powder that can be dissolved, snorted, or injected and causes euphoria and
stimulation. It can cause heart issues and seizures: Co- caine
49.Examples of these drugs are oxycodone and heroin. "street drugs" that cause hallucinations,
euphoria, and sedations. These can also cause sudden death and injure many organs: Opiates
50.This type of drug has strong effects on the CNS and releases dopamine- causing long feelings of
euphoria followed by a "crash". It causes confusion and psychotic features: methamphetamines
51.This drug is the most widely used drug that distorts sensory perception, impairs motor
coordination, but clears in 4-5 hours. It increases heart rate and BP and effects respiratory system as well: marijuana
52.What are 3 effects of HYPERthermia?: heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps
53.What is the difference between primary and secondary malnutrition?: Pri- mary malnutrition is
when one of the 3 macros are missing or all. Secondary malnutrition is due to an issue with storing, absorbing or losing the nutrients
54.What are the two PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) disorders?: Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
55.This PEM disorder is characterized by depletion of protein AND all nutri- ents. The [child] suffers
growth retardation and muscle loss. Their extremities are emaciated, their head looks too large, and they have a general deficiency of ALL nutrients.: Marasmus
56.This PEM disorder is characterized by a deficiency in proteins, but still get a source of the other
macros. The [child] usually is on an only-carb diet, usually in a poor country/area. They have a big belly and skinny body, with skin lesions, pigment changes, and hair changes: Kwashiorkor
57.What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins stored in the human body?: D, A, E, K
58.This Vitamin is characterized with eyesight and skin. Normally, it helps with maintaining vision,
8 / 16 regulating lipid metabolism, and involves "retinol, retinal, retinoic acid".: Vitamin A
59.A deficiency and toxicity in Vitamin A is characterized by what?: Deficiency in Vit A: impaired
vision, esp at night, keratinization, dry eye, squamous metaplasia Toxicity- headache, dizziness, stupor, blurred vision (similar to brain tumor), wgt loss, anorexia
60.This Vitamin is involved with bone. It maintains adequate levels of calcium and phosphate in the
plasma and helps with bone mineralization and neuro- muscular transmission.: Vitamin D
61.A deficiency in vitamin D causes what? What about toxicity?: Deficiency- Rickets in children
(bowed legged) and Osteomalacia in adults (soft bone) Toxicity- metastatic calcifications of soft tissues
62.Vit D is transformed into what usable vitamin?: 1,25 Dihydrocyvitamin D
63.This vitamin is involved with collagen. It helps with healing of the skin and strength and nature of
collagen: Vitamin C
64.A deficiency of Vitamin C causes what? What about toxicity?: Deficiency- SCURVY- healing
defects and bone disease. limes/lemons give source of Vit C to help. Get hemorrhages in scurvy because collagen strength in bv is low. Toxicity- rare to have toxicity of Vit C
65.What are congenital anomalies?: Defects present at birth, but some may not be apparent till
years later
66.what is the difference between a malformation and a disruption?: Malfor- mations are primary
errors where there is an intrinsic abnormalities in development, where it just develops and starts out wrong. Disruptions are secondary errors of organs that were previously normal, and are due to extrinsic disturbances.
10 / 16 -deposits of hyaline in airspaces
- baby is preterm/premature (normal gest weight) -baby needs resuscitation but then is okay
- ~30 mins later, cyanosis and "fine rales" heard- X-ray shows "Ground Glass"
74.The main pathogenesis of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome is
?: Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant (by type 2 alveolar cells) (prevents lung collapse and increases SA)
75.A baby is born premature but seems okay when first born. About 35 mins later, the baby turns
blue and is obviously having issues breathing. You listen and hear what sounds like "fine rales" when they breathe, and an X-ray shows the lungs having a "ground glass" appearance. What would you diagnose the baby as having?: NRDS, or hyaline membrane disease
76.Whats the difference between transcervical and transplacental infec- tions?: Transcervical
infections- ASCENDING- the fetus acquires by inhaling infec- tion in amniotic fluid or by passing through infected birth canal Transplacental infections- HEMATOLOGIC- parasitic and viral moreso, occurring any time in gestation; TORCH infections
77.What is "fetal hydrops" ?: Accumulation of edem fluid in the fetus during intrauterine
growth
78.What are the two types of fetal hydrops?: Immune Hydrops Non-immune
hydrops
79.What is the basis of immune hydrops?: Rh- mom and Rh+ dad make Rh+ baby, and during
11 / 16 SECOND pregnancy, the mom's anti-Rh+ Abs attack the baby's blood cells and hurt the baby.
80.What are the main two consequences resulting from the Rh incompatibility with immune
hydrops?: Hydrops fetalis- this is caused by ANEMIA (blood cells being attacked, causes edema in baby) Kernicterus- this is caused by JAUNDICE (unconjugated bilirubin collecting in BRAIN- causing cns damage)
81.PKU, Galactosemia, and Cystic Fibrosis are all what kind of disorders that affect the newborn?:
genetic disorders
82.A baby is born and has decreased pigmentation of the skin and hair, has severe mental
retardation and can't walk or speak. The doctor says this is a genetic disorder- which infant genetic disorder is it?: PKU- (phenylketonuria)
83.A baby is born and begins to vomit and have diarrhea after breastfeeding, also has jaundice and
is overall failing to thrive. The doctors say that this is a genetic disorder- which infant genetic disorder is it?: Galactosemia
84.Mucoviscidosis is also known as: Cystic Fibrosis
85.This genetic disorder affects fluid secretions in exocrine glands and res- piratory tract. The fluid
is viscous and obstructs passages, and affects the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, vas deferens, and pulmonary tract, but does not affect sweat glands. What genetic disorder is this?: Cystic Fibrosis- issue with CFTR gene
86.This is the most common lethal genetic disorder in Caucasians: cystic fibrosis
87.What is the overall negative affect of the viscous mucus produced in the glands by patients
with cystic fibrosis?: The mucous plugs these glands, causing atrophy, fibrosis, increased infections, difficulty breathing, abscesses, and even
13 / 16 childhood
97.Where do malignant tumors arise from in children?: blood, nervous tissue, soft tissue, bone,
and kidney
98.List malignant tumors of children: leukemia, wilm's tumor, neuroblastoma,
rhabdomyosarcoma, hepatoblastoma, teratoma, ependymoma, retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, medulloblastoma
99.Where are neuroblastic tumors found, and what are they derived from?: -
Found in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla, and are derived from NCC
100. This is the most common extracranial solid tumor and most frequently diagnosed tumor
of infancy: Neuroblastoma
101. This is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood and 4th most common pediatric
malignancy in the US: Wilm's Tumor
102. Children with WAGR syndrome, Denys-Drash Syndrome, and Beck- with-Weidemann
Syndrome are all risks of developing which infant tumor?- : Wilm's Tumor
103. Beckwith-Weidmann Syndrome is characterized by what?: organomegaly, macroglossia,
omphalocele, adrenal cytomegaly, and risk for Wilm's tumor
104. Which type of disorders make up the largest category of mendelian disorders?:
Autosomal Recessive
105. These are two genetic disorders involving structural protein defects: Mar- fan's Syndrome
and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
106. A patient presents with long arms/legs, tall stature, and is double jointed. He also is pigeon-
breasted and has scoliosis. What does he have, what is the genetic issue, and what are risks he
14 / 16 should be warned about?: Marfan's Syndrome Issues with Fibrillin gene, issues with connective tissue Risks- mitral valve floppiness and regurgitation, aortic dissections and cardiac failure, and dislocation of lens "ectopia lentis"
107. What is the greatest majority of deaths from Marfan's Syndrome due to?: Ruptured
Aortic Dissection
108. What are characteristics of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? What is the genetic issue?: This is a
genetic disorder due to a defect in collagen. It affects the skin, ligaments, joints. Characteristics- hyperextensible skin (fragile, stretched, vulnerable skin) and hy- permobile joints (bend thumb back, bend knee forward) Risks- RUPTURES of colon/large arteries and ocular fragility and retinal detachment
109. Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a defect in what? What are the char- acteristics?: Defect
in the LDL receptor, so issues transporting and metabolizing cholesterol Characteristics- xanthomas (yellow fatty spots), atherosclerosis of major vessels, Risks of MI
110. This is one of the most Frequently Occurring disorders: Familial Hyperc- holesterolemia
111. These are 3 lysosomal storage disorders: Tay Sach's Neimann-
Pick A, B, C Gaucher Disease
112. This lysosomal storage disorder is characterized by a deficiency in hex- osaminidase A,
also called Gm2 gangliosidosis, and is prevalent in Jews. It involved the CNS and the retina- causing motor/mental deterioration. The hallmark is a cherry red spot in the macula: Tay-Sachs
113. What is a hallmark of Tay-Sachs?: cherry red spot in macula
114. This is a lysosomal storage disorder involving accumulation of sphin- gomyelin. The first
16 / 16 infertility, lack of secondary sex characteristics: Klinefelter's Syndrome
125. These are risks of patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome: Risk of breast cancer
Risk of type 2 diabetes risk of autoimmune diseases
126. This is a sex chromosome disorder characterized by webbed neck, con- genital heart
disease on the Left side, streak ovaries, failure of secondary fe- male sex characteristics to form (breast, pubic hair), and amenorrhea: Turner's Syndrome (X)
127. Hemaphroditism vs Pseudohemaphroditism: Hemaphroditism- presence of BOTH ovarian
and testicular tissue Pseudohemaphroditism- disagreement between pT and gonadal sex (ex, female pseudohempahrodites have ovaries but also have male external genitalia)
128. Fragile X Syndrome is due to in the genetic sequence?: Trinucleotide Repeat
129. This is the second most common cause of mental retardation, involves the FMRI gene,
and is due to a trinucleotide repeat. What are characteristics of a child with this?: Fragile X Syndrome Characteristics- Mental retardation, long face with large mandible, large everted ears, large testicles Macro-orchidism
