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GENETICS MIDTERM MOCK TEST WITH
ANSWER RATIONALES 2026
โ Transmission genetics. Answer: mechanisms of the traits passed from parent to offspring use of experimental organisms to study how traits are passed pedigree analysis โ Sex influenced trait. Answer: can occur to a certain sex, but not always โ Sex limited trait. Answer: can only influence an "x" or "y" โ Cytogenetics. Answer: studied the organization/arrangement of genes and chromosomes through light microscopy studies chromosome differences/deletions
Karyotyping โ Molecular genetics. Answer: biochemical levels of study greatest impact on the human race Concerned with the chemical nature of replication, transcription, expression Focuses on gene structure, organization, function โ Genetically modified (GMO's). Answer: genetic code has been modified to produce a characteristic select certain species/strains to grow over another one โ Genetically engineered. Answer: deliberate modification of an organism Infusing or getting rid of a gene
โ G1 checkpoint. Answer: checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage โ S phase. Answer: The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. โ G2 checkpoint. Answer: checks for cell size and DNA replication โ G2. Answer: Cell prepares to divide โ Haploid cell. Answer: A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). โ Diploid cell. Answer: A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
โ Homologous. Answer: pair of chromosomes from the maternal and paternal side, with the same genes but can have different alleles. โ Mitosis. Answer: replication of somatic cells โ Interphase. Answer: period of the cell cycle between cell divisions โ Prophase. Answer: chromosomes condense, 2 sister chromatids pair, mitotic spindle forms, bound by nuclear membrane โ Prometaphase. Answer: The nuclear membrane disinegrates, chromosomes are in the cytoplasm of the cell. The centromeres move to opposite sides of the cell. Spindles attach to each sister chromatid's kinetochore โ Metaphase. Answer: he spindles from the centromeres align the sister chromatids on the M-plate (spindle equator) of the cell.
โ Prophase I. Answer: Chromosomes form homologous pairs (two pairs of sister chromatids connected) Chromosomes condense Synapsis occurs: a close pairing association of homologous chromosomes โ Crossing over/homologous recombination. Answer: Homologous pairs exchange genetic info Pieces of NON-SISTER chromatids are exchanged on homologous pairs This creates genetic diversity โ Prometaphase I. Answer: Nuclear membrane disinegrates, centromeres move to opposite sides of cells, spindles attach to the kinetochore of homologous chromosomes
โ Metaphase I. Answer: Homologous chromosomes line up on the M-plate โ Independent/Random assortment. Answer: chromosomes line up randomly on the M-plate Creates genetic diversity โ Anaphase I:. Answer: HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS are separated, this means each cell will have a pair of sister chromatids โ Telophase I:. Answer: The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell, the cleavage furrow forms and the cell prepares to divide โ Interkinesis:. Answer: a brief resting phase that occurs between Meiosis I and Meiosis II, NO DNA REPLICATION OCCURS โ Meiosis II. Answer: gametes are produced
Answer: "crossing over," the exchange of segments between non- sister chromatids of a homologous pair. Occurs during Prophase I of meiosis. Each four chromatids now carries a unique combination of alleles (AB, aB, Ab, ab) โ Random assortment. Answer: the random lining up of chromosomes on the M-plate during Metaphase I When the maternal and paternal chromosomes line up randomly, this means that each gamete cell will have alleles that are specific to them โ Eugenics. Answer: a type of science that aims to arrange reproduction to increase the chance of heritable characteristics promoted that one gene could be responsible for an unwanted characteristic โ Gene expression. Answer: information encoded in a gene is turned into a function
Examines molecules that compromise genes/how genes are regulated โ The study of genetics. Answer: scientific study of heredity, determines how traits or diseases are passed from generation to generation โ Quiz Q: What are the classes of modern genetics in order of macroscopic to microscopic?. Answer: Population, transmission, cytogenetics, molecular โ Artificial selection. Answer: collected seeds from plants with the plants that had the most desirable traits and bred only those Choosing what to propagate โ Hereditarianism. Answer: the mistaken idea that human traits are determined solely by genetic inheritance, ignoring the contribution of the environment โ Preformationism.
Answer: centromere pair of telomeres origins of replication โ Centromere. Answer: attachment point for cellular spindle fibers composed of microtubules makes it possible for the cell to maneuver chromosomes anchors chromosomes to the kinetichore during cell division โ Metacentric. Answer: equal length legs โ Submetacentric. Answer: slightly off center โ Acrocentric. Answer: centromere close to end โ
