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THE FAVELA BARRIO PROJECT:
IMPROVEMENTS:
- Access to water supply + drainage system for improved sanitation, weekly rubbish collection
- New health, leisure and education facilities
- Paved and widened roads for easier access, especially for emergency services
- Installation of a cable car system to make it easier for people to commute to work
- A police unit to help patrol communities to reduce crime, school attendance also improved for 5-20 year olds so less children resorted to crime
- The number of local businesses in the favelas has doubled
- Incomes increased by 15% due to the development in the service employment
FAILURES:
1. $1 billion didn’t cover every favela
2. Newly built infrastructure is not being
maintained as residents lack the skills and
resources
3. More training for teachers in needed to improve
literacy rate
4. Housing prices in the favelas are increasing so
the poor are priced out of their houses
LONDON
London is located in SE England, on the river Thames.Most people live in the South, the least people live in the North NATIONAL&INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: It’s the UK’s largest and wealthiest city Transport like the motorways,Elizabeth line and airports – 1.8 million passengers daily on trains Industry – 40% of the world’s foreign equities are traded here Education, renowned universities and research - 103, international students that learn+live there Culture, entertainment and tourism - 300 theatres+ museums Migration has caused London’s population to massively increase.Impacts of migration: A hard working motivated workforce, they contribute the local and national economy Enrich the city’s cultural life Young migrants help balance the ageing population Put pressure on housing and employment Difficulties in integrating into the local communities NET MIGRATION – the balance between people coming and leaving
problems, e.g. the production of methane adds to the GHG’s in the atmosphere
- Dereliction – building on greenfield and brownfield sites
KEY WORDS:
Rural Urban Fringe – the boundary between
the rural and urban areas
Brownfield site – a site that has been built on
before
Greenfield site – a site that hasn’t been built
on before
Green Belt – an area around the city that
cannot be built on
Derelict – in poor condition, hasn’t been looked
after
Urban Sprawl – the growth of an urban area
Freiburg: Water conservation: Freiburg’s waste water system allows rainwater to be collected and reused rainwater for use indoors or for green roofs, or in rivers. Energy conservation: Freiburg has a strict energy policy based on: Energy saving Efficient technology Use of renewable energy sources, there are 400 solar panel installations in the city Green spaces: Helps keep air clean and soil protected, provides a habitat for wildlife
44% of wood is used form the city’s forests but 75% grows bak within a year 40% of the city is forested 44000 trees have been planted in parks and streets Financial rewards are given to those who compost their green waste Urban transport strategies to reduce traffic: Integrated Transport Systems like the Tram Network – provides cheap and accessible public transport Restrictions on car parking spaces, in Vauban district each one costs £ 400km of cycle paths with 9000 bike parking spaces Development – positive change that makes things better. As a country develops ,the people’s standard of living and quality of life also improves FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: Environmental factors like natural hazards/earthquakes Social factors such as access to water and education Economic factors such as trade and debt Political factors such as stable government/civil war Development Gap – the difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries MEASURING DEVELOPMENT: GNI – the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and paid to other countries Doesn’t show the quality of life or standard of living Hides inequalities as it doesn’t show the distribution of all the income Useful and easily available Correlates with other development factors like BR and IMR SOCIAL MEASURES: HDI – Human Development Index, shows how far people are benefiting from a country’s economic growth,SOCIAL MEASURE, it represents: Life expectancy at birth Number of years of education GNI per head
Population Pyramids show how the number of people in different age groups is changing. Physical causes of uneven development: Landlocked countries – cut off from seaborne trade which is important for economic growth Disease – they can’t work so can’t provide for them and their families Climate – too much rain affects crop growth, many countries rely on crops for their income Economic causes of uneven development: Debt – LIC countries cannot spend money on things like education, healthcare or other needs as they have to spend all their saved money on repaying their debts Historical causes of uneven development: Colonialism- all wealth produced in a country went to the European powers, colonisers would corrupt the countries and leave them in turmoil, after causing a civil war or creating political struggles for power, political instability Consequences of uneven development: Disparities in Wealth – creates an imbalance between rich and poor Disparities in Health- LIC’s are unable to invest in good quality health care, infectious diseases like malaria remain untreated International Migration – more migrants in HIC’s Reducing the development gap: Industrial development – brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure, allows the multiplier effect to take place
Tourism – leads to investment and increased income from abroad which can be used for improving education, housing and infrastructure Aid — aid includes money, emergency supplies, food, technology or skilled people(doctors).Long term aid enable countries to invest in development projects such as roads, electricity and water management, short term aid helps improve people’s quality of life, healthcare, education and services, e.g. Nigeria – built dams to improve access to clean water Intermediate technology — sustainable technology that’s based on the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people, it’s easy to maintain and it helps improve the quality of people’s lives, it makes their work easier and more efficient ,e.g. farming machinery for farmers Fair Trade - reduces the development gap by improving the quality of life for ordinary farmers, it ensures that producers in poor countries get a fair deal ADVANTAGES OF FAIR TRADE:
- The farmer gets all the money from the sale of his crop
- It guarantees the farmer a fair price
- The product gains a stronger position in the global market
- Part of the price is invested in local community development projects
- The farmer agrees to farm in an environmentally-friendly way Debt Relief – when countries agree to cancel the debt of a highly indebted poor country, it helps poor countries to invest money in development projects, to qualify for debt relief countries had to: 1. Demonstrate they could manage their own finances 2. Show that there was no corruption in their government
Yoga Food ADVANTAGES OF TOURISM IN BALI:
- Money from tourism can be spent on local education, health and other services
- More job opportunin
NIGERIA Located in West Africa, bordered by Chad and Cameroon Tropical climate, mostly hot and wet NEE Why is Nigeria internationally important? o Supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil – the 12th^ largest producer o Rapid economic development with a diverse economy, telecommunications and media, financial services o 5 th^ largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions Why is Nigeria nationally important?
o One of the fastest growing economies in Africa, highest GDP and 3rd
largest manufacturing sector
o Highest farm output in Africa – 70% of the population employed in
agriculture, they have over 19 million cattle Political context: Europeans exploited Africa’s resources, people were traded as slaves After gaining independence, power struggles resulted in a civil war, lack of political stability affected its development and led to widespread corruption Many countries are now investing in Nigeria, e.g. SA business and banking, American companies for general heating and new power plants Social context: Multiethnic and multi faith, its social diversity is a great strength but also a source of conflict, e.g. the civil war Religious and ethnic tensions create unstable situations leading to a negative impact on the economy, reduction in investment and rise in unemployment There are huge variations of wealth and development within Nigeria, greater share of public services and facilities in urban areas that rural, this encourages widespread rural-urban migration Cultural context: Nollywood – 2nd^ largest film industry in the world, ahead of US Sport – Nigerian football team won the African cup of Nation 3 times
- IT is beginning to drive the economy rather than oil
- Greater concern for the environment WHAT FACTORS RESTRICT NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT?
- Lack of electricity
- Corrupt government that steals money and doesn’t use taxes properly
- Poor infrastructure and roads TNC’S IN NIGERIA: A Transnational Corporation is a large company that operates in several countries, they usually locate in foreign countries in order to take advantage of tax incentives, cheaper labour, lower environmental standards and raw material costs. Examples include Shell, Unilever, Daewoo, GSK, Nestle etc. SHELL: Shell worked in Nigeria to refine their oil and sell it nationally. Benefits of Shell to Nigeria’s economy:
- Provided direct employment for 65,000 Nigerian workers
- Invested money which encouraged development, for example they invested in renewable energy sources
- Paid £20 billion in corporation tax
- Multiplier effect Negatives of Shell in Nigeria:
- Oil spills led to water pollution and soil degradation, reducing agricultural production and fishing yields, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, Shell didn’t take responsibility and just left
- Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
- Exploit and abuse workers, child labour, long hours in poor conditions
- Most of the profits go straight to the headquarters in the HIC, and aren’t reinvested in Nigeria, employees in the LIC get paid less than the employees in the HIC, even though they do more work
- Oil theft and sabotage reduce production levels and cost TNC’S and the government billions
