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GI Function Chapter 9 Pathophysiology- Portage Learning Latest Update 2023, Exams of Nursing

Saint Francis Medical Center College of NursingNursing

GI Function Chapter 9 Pathophysiology- Portage Learning Latest Update 2023

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 11/19/2023

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dillon-cole 🇺🇸

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1.
Ascites
2. Stomach
GI Function Chapter 9 Pathophysiology- Portage
Learning Latest Update 2023
quizlet.com/_8mdck6 에에 에에에에에 에에에에
Fluid that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity.
An expandable food and liquid reservoir. As it expands wrinkles (rugae) unfold and the wall stretches to accommodate
up to 2 to 4 liters.
Type of stomach ulcer that is uncommon but deadly. Associated with malignancy and NSAID drug use. Pain typically
worsens with eterm-0ating.
supplies oxygenated blood to liver at a rate of 300mL/min to nourish the liver; part of the livers dual blood supply.
3. Gastric
Ulcer
4. Hepatic
Artery
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  1. Ascites
    1. Stomach

GI Function Chapter 9 Pathophysiology- Portage

Learning Latest Update 2023

quizlet.com/_8mdck6 에에 에에에에에 에에에에 Fluid that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity. An expandable food and liquid reservoir. As it expands wrinkles (rugae) unfold and the wall stretches to accommodate up to 2 to 4 liters. Type of stomach ulcer that is uncommon but deadly. Associated with malignancy and NSAID drug use. Pain typically worsens with eterm-0ating. supplies oxygenated blood to liver at a rate of 300mL/min to nourish the liver; part of the livers dual blood supply.

  1. Gastric Ulcer
  2. Hepatic Artery
  1. Constipation A change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool. Part of the GI system through which chyme passes as it leaves the stomach to the small intestines. Prevents reflux of bile from the small intestines into the stomach. A strong, unproductive effort to vomit. Stress ulcer associated with a burn's
  2. Pyloric Sphincter
  3. Retching
  4. Curling's ulcer
  1. Feces Mixture of undigested or unabsorbed remnants in the colon, along with bacteria (one third). Also introduces mucus (300mL/daily) to aid in bowel movements, even in time of decreased dietary intake.
  2. Cleft lip
  3. Crohn's disease Congenital defect that results from failure of the maxillary processes and nasal elevations or upper lip to fuse during development. Can affect appearance of face and may lead to problems feeding, speech, ear infections, and hearing problems. An insidious, slow determ-8veloping, progressive condition often developing in adolescence. Characterized by patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall and ulcerations. COMPLICATIONS: -malnutrition, anemia, fistulas, adhesions, abscesses, intestinal obstruction, perforation, anal fissure, fluid/electrolyte/pH imbalances, delayes growth & development in children MANIFESTATIONS: -abdominal cramping & pain (lower right quadrant) -diarrhea -steatorrhea -constipation -palpable abdominal mass -melena -anorexia -weight loss -indications of inflammation; fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise TREAT: -nutritional support (low residue, High calorie/protein) -symptom relief, complication minimization Part of the upper GI system that relaxes to allow the food to enter the stomach and prevents the stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus.
  4. Lower Esophageal Function
  1. Gastric cancer Cancer that occurs in several forms. Five Survival rate 25% MANIFESTATIONS: -abdominal pain and fullness -epigastric discomfort -palpable abdominal mass -dark stools, possible melena -Dysphagia that worsens over time -Excessive belching -anorexia -Nausea and vomiting -hematemesis -premature abdominal fullness after meals -unintentional weight loss -weakness and fatigue TREAT: -only curative course is gastrectomy -chemo and radiation -nutritional support (TNP) -supplements (B12 and iron)
  2. Visceral Peritoneum Layer Gastritis that develops gradually and is likely to be accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake; it can be asymptomatic. Inner layer of the peritoneum that encases the abdominal organs.
  3. Chronic gastritis
  1. Diverticulitis
  2. Pancreatitis A state in which diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can result in fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock. An inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic.
  1. Cirrhosis Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function. MANIFESTATIONS: -hyper or hypoglycemia -jaundice -clay colored stool -dark urine -decreased protein clotting factors -muscle wasting -hyperlipidemia -portal hypertension -Esophageal bleeding -ascites -intense itching -excess estrogen produces female characteristic in males and irregular menstruation in woman -neurologic impairment (confusion, disorientation, & hand tremors) -ulcers -GI bleeding -excessive protein levels lead to (encephalopathy) -spontaneous bacterial peritonitis -bacterial overgrowth Type of ulcer that is commonly associated with excessive acid or H pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food.
  2. Duodenal Ulcer
  1. Cholecystitis Inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi. One of the four layers of the wall of the GI tract. It is comprised of connective tissue that includes blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and secretory glands.
  2. Serosa A double-layer peritoneum containing blood vessels and nerves that supplies the intestinal wall. The outermost of the four layers of the walls of the GI tract.
  3. Submucosa Layer
  4. Mesentery
  1. Melena Dark, tarry stool from a significant amount of bleeding high in the GI tract. The space between the parietal peritoneum layer and the visceral peritoneum layer. This space contains serous fluid to decrease friction and facilitate movement. A narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter. A pouch at the end of the small intestine
  2. Paritoneal Cavity
  3. Pyloric Stenosis
  4. Cecum
  1. Cholelithiasis Gallstones; a common condition that affects both genders and all ethnic groups relatively equally. MANIFESTATION: -biliary colic (abdominal cramping and pain that worsens after a fatty meal) -abdominal distention -Nausea and vomiting -Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) -Fever -Leukocytosis TREAT: Low fat diet -medications to disolve calculi (bile acids) -antibiotic therapy -nasogastric tube with intermittent suction -lithotripsy -Surgically created opening for drainage (choledochostomy) -laparoscopic removal of calculi or gallbladder Rise in pressure as the hepatic artery and portal vein become constricted by scar tissue.
  2. Portal Hypertension
  1. Appendix A small, wormlike structure with seemingly no function but plenty of potential to cause harm. It is attached to the cecum The longest section of the Gastrointestinal tract (approximately 20 feet long in adults). This length allows for adequate nutrient absorption as the small intestine continues the digestion process. Here the enzymes that have been secreted into the gastrointestinal tract break the large molecules of food into smaller molecules that are then absorbed.
  2. Aspiration The entrance of food into the trachea and lungs.j
  3. Small Intestine
  1. Esophageal cancer Cancer of the esophagus; usually a squamous cell carcinoma. Usually in distal esophagus and associated with chronic irritation (GERD, achalasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse, & tobacco). Complications; eso. obstruction, respiratory compromise, eso. bleeding. MANIFESTATIONS: -dysphagia -chest pain -weight loss -hematemesis TREAT: -Surgery (#1 choice) -chemo -radiation -speech therapy
  2. Celiac disease A green or yellowish liquid that contains water, bile salts (former from cholesterol), conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, and electrolytes (including bicarbonate). An inherited, autoimmune, malabsorption disorder. Also called Celiac Sprue. MANIFESTATIONS: of nutritional deficits- -anemia, arthralgia (bone/joint pain), myalgia (muscle pain), bone disease, dental enamel problems, intestinal cancer, depression, growth and developmental delay in children, hair loss, hypoglycemia, mouth ulcers, increased bleeding (bruising, nose bleeds), neurologic disorders, skin disorders, vitamin or mineral deficiency MANIFESTATIONS of GI: -abdominal pain -abdominal distention, bloating, gas, and indigestion -constipation or diarrhea -changes in appetite -lactose intolerance -nausea and vomiting -steatorrhea -weight loss
  3. Bile
  1. Esophagus
  2. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  3. Dysphagia Part of the upper gastrointestinal tract that has muscular rings to move the food toward the stomach. A condition where chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Occasionally bile can back up into the esophagus. The presence of these gastric secretions irritates the esophageal mucosa. difficulty swallowing or eating
  4. Inflammatory bowel disease An organ with exocrine digestive functions and endocrine functions. It lies underneath the stomach and liver and between the two kidneys in the retroperitoneum. Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, usually the intestines. Genetically autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection. Includes two disorders: crohn's and ulcerative colitis Stress ulcer associated with a head injury.
  5. Pancreas
  6. Cushing's Ulcer
  1. Portal Vein Part of the liver's dual blood supply; it carries partially deoxygenated blood from the stomach, pancreas, and spleen, as well as from the small and large intestines to the liver at a rate of 1,000mL/min so the the liver can process nutrients and digestion byproducts. An inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal wall and abdominal organs. MANIF: -abdominal rigidity -abdominal tenderness and pain -hypovolemic shock (tachycardia, HoTN, restlessness, diaphoresis) -nausea and vomiting -decreased peristalsis leads to intestinal obstruction -sepsis -fever -malaise -leukocytosis TREAT: -surgical repair -drain infected fluid -antibiotic -TPN -nasogastric tube with intermittent suction -fluid & electrolyte correction
  2. Occult Blood Blood that occurs in small amounts
  3. Peritonitis
  1. Large Intestines
  2. Emesis
  3. Hepatobiliary System Part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It is 5 feet long in adults and contains the cecum, colon, and rectum. The involuntary or voluntary forceful ejection of chyme from the stomach up through the esophagus and out the mouth. A common event resulting from a wide range of conditions. also called vomiting. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas collectively. They are called a system because of their close proximity to each other and their complementary functions.
  4. Diarrhea A change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool.