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The role of economic approaches in describing and measuring development through the lenses of Modernization Theory, Neo-Liberalism, and Dependency Theory. Topics include the Trickle Down Economy, Meritocracy, Mass Media, Urbanisation, Neo-Liberalism, Mercantile Capitalism, and the influence of intergovernmental organizations and NGOs.
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Global Development The Overview
SOC3.01 Evaluate the usefulness of economic approaches in describing and measuring development SOC3.01.00 To know and understand global development. SOC3.01.01 To know and understand a range of definitions of development and the distinguishing features of the developing world. To show knowledge , define a range of definitions of development To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the distinguishing features of the developing world and apply to case studies To analyse, explain the impact of and reasons for a range of features of the developing world on development To evaluate, evaluate how these definitions are value-laden and the underlying reasons for low levels of development 01.01.01 Definitions of Development / First, Second and Third World are outdated but link to cold war origins (Western are 1st, Communist are 2nd; Rich Northern vs. Poor Southern Hemisphere; High Income Countries vs. Low Income Countries, Newly Industrialised Countries, BRICS; Brandt line divided up the world roughly the northern countries and Australia; value-laden labels and relative 01.01.02 Distinguishing features of the developing world / A colonial past; Economies based on agriculture and the extract of raw materials; Low economic growth; Vast inequalities in ownership and access to land; Large sections of the population may be unemployed or underemployed; A subsistence standard of living; A young and fertile population that is growing rapidly; High rates of child malnutrition; Low life expectancy; High rates of infant mortality; Death from preventable diseases; High levels of adult illiteracy; Lack of access to free schooling; Lack of basic infrastructure and services; Lack of civil and human rights; Totalitarian and repressive governments; Patriarchal forms of inequality 01.01.01 ®Evaluation Line / Distinguishing Features of the Developing World 01.01.01 ®BlueSky / Distinguishing Features of the Developing World SOC3.01.02 To know and understand the usefulness of economic approaches to describe and measure development To show knowledge , describe GDP To apply knowledge and show depth, outline sources of support and examples of the GDP of different countries To analyse , explain the function of GDP as a measure of development To evaluate , evaluate the usefulness of economic indicators as a measure of development 01.02 Economic Measures / GDP measures the monetary value of all finished goods and services made within a country during a specific period or in other words how much money a country has made in a year - per capita is divided per person; Can be described as ethnocentric as it only looks at money as a measure of development which is favoured by the rich West; invisible economies ( Black ) are the ways people make money outside of the official (taxed) economy; there are inconsistencies in measurements; doesn't look at the standard of living; focus on production which is ethnocentric; cannot see distribution of wealth as it is an average (may be some who are very rich and some are very poor) 01.02.01 ®Commandagons / Economic Measures 01.02 Analyse two reasons why economic indices of development are seen as unsatisfactory as measures of development [10]
02.03 Cultural Barriers to development / (Parsons and Inkles); Cultural barriers of traditional societies stop or slow down development, these need to be removed in order for the country to modernise. These include patriarchy; ascribed status (and lack of meritocracy); religion; collectivism 02.03.01 ®Conceptagons / Patriarchy, Ascribed Status, Religion, Collectivism 02.03.02 ®Evaluation Line / Patriarchy, Ascribed Status, Religion, Collectivism 02.03 Outline and explain the role of two cultural barriers to development in modernisation theory [10] SOC3.02.04 To know and understand the role of motors of development in the process of development To show knowledge , describe motors/catalysts of development To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the motors of development To analyse , explain how these motors of development lead to development To evaluate , evaluate the relative importance of these motors 02.04 Motors of development / Rostow claimed that the top down trickle down economy was vital in development; (Hoselitz) the importance of meritocracy in training the work force and allowing the best to succeed; (Inkles) the role of mass media in communicating values; (Hoselitz) the importance of urbanisation in having the workforce centred in one industrialised place 02.04.01 ®Conceptagons / Trickle Down Economy, Meritocracy, Mass Media, Urbanisation 02.04.02 ®Evaluation Line / Trickle Down Economy, Meritocracy, Mass Media, Urbanisation 02.04 Outline and explain the role of two motors of development in modernisation theory [10] SOC3.02.05 To know and understand the impact of modernisation theory today and the usefulness of neo-liberal theories for our understanding of development, underdevelopment and global inequality To show knowledge , describe neo-modernisation To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of neo-modernisation thinking To analyse , explain how neo-modernisation helps our understanding of modernisation and globalisation To evaluate , evaluate modernisation and the neo modernisation perspective 02.05.01 Neo-liberalism and development / New Right perspective; remove the need for government intervention and allow the free market to influence development; favours TNCs for stage 2 intervention; IMF involved in providing loans; encouraging entrepreneurialism; but may have misguided ideas about the free market; harmful to people in recipient countries 02.05.02 Evaluation of Modernisation / important idea as a catalyst for change; many are still poor; there is a need to understand local culture; it is ethnocentric based on Western ideas and influence; ignores problems in the developed world 02.05.01 ®Commandagons / Modernisation Theory Today 02.05.02 ®Conceptagons / Origins, Modernisation Theory, Barriers, Motors, Neo-Liberalism 02.05 Evaluate the contribution of modernisation theorists to our understanding of global development [20] SOC3.02.06 To know and understand the origins of Dependency Theory To show knowledge , describe mercantile capitalism To apply knowledge and show depth, outline historical examples of countries experiencing dependency To analyse , explain how mercantile capitalism led to dependency To evaluate , evaluate the connection between mercantile capitalism and dependency 02.06.01 Origins of Dependency / Mercantile capitalism (enterprising pirates) established trading centres in the Caribbean; slavery provided a free workforce; colonialism allowed powerful countries to establish colonies in which they could exploit the local resources and workforce 02.06.01 ®Commandagons / Origins of Dependency 02.05 Explain the origins of dependency [4] SOC3.02.07 To know and understand the usefulness of Dependency and World Systems Theory in understanding world development. To show knowledge, describe the dependency and world systems theory including core, semi- periphery and periphery To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of countries within the core, semi- periphery and periphery To analyse , explain dependency and world systems theory in relation to global development
To evaluate , evaluate the usefulness of world systems theory to our understanding of development 02.06.02 Dependency Theory / Developing states become dependent on core states (possibly due to colonialism). Reliant on primary exports and cash crops and suffer from transnational exploitation however it ignores benefits, the creation of home-grown elites and the creation of infrastructure 02.07 World Systems Theory / Core such as the USA and Western Europe exploit the rest of the world; semi-periphery include some wealth such as BRICS have production contracted to them, periphery such as the majority of Africa are exploited for their raw materials and cheap labour; similar to class system. 02.07.01 ®Double Bubble / Dependency Theory vs. World Systems Theory 02.07.02 ®Double Bubble / Dependency and World Systems Theory vs. Modernisation Theory 02.07 Evaluate the view that the less developed countries have been systematically underdeveloped by western capitalism [World Systems Theory 10] SOC3.02.08 To know and understand the influence of dependency theory today and the role of counter industrial movements in providing solutions to dependency To show knowledge , describe counter industrial solutions and other solutions To apply knowledge and show depth by giving examples of counter industrial movements and their work To analyse , explain the role of counter industrial movements within dependency theory To evaluate , evaluate the role and importance of counter industrial movements in dependency 02.08.01 Influence of Dependency Theory today / Poor countries are not to blame; need to look towards locally sensitive solutions (not ethnocentric); influence of TNCs; Sachs and Esteva see a failure of development; creating socioeconomic global apartheid; 02.08.02 People centred Solutions / Korten and Sen on people centred, local development; Send a cow and micro credit are examples of this; 02.08.03 Solutions to Dependency / Isolation, as in the example of China from about 1960 to 2000, which is now successfully emerging as a global economic superpower having isolated itself from the West for the past 4 decades. A second solution is to break away at a time when the metropolis country is weak, as India did in Britain in the 1950s, following world war 2. India is now a rising economic power. Thirdly, there is socialist revolution as in the case of Cuba. This, however, resulted in sanctions being applies by America which limited trade with the country, holding its development back. Many leaders in African countries adopted dependency theory, arguing that and developing political movements that aimed to liberate Africa from western exploitation, stressing nationalism rather than neo-colonialism. 02.08.04 Criticisms of Dependency / Some countries appear to have benefited from Colonialism
02.09.03 Analyse two ways in which globalisation may bring about economic change in developing countries. [10] SOC3.03 Evaluate the role of transnational corporations, non-governmental organisations and international agencies in development SOC3.03.01 To know and understand the role of transnational corporations in the process of global development. To show knowledge , describe TNCs To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of TNCs on a range of factors including employment and the environment To analyse , explain the role of TNCs in development To evaluate , evaluate the impact of TNCs in development 03.01.01 Transnational corporations / business that cross international borders; they seek competitive advantage and maximum profits by finding the cheapest and most efficient location around the world; geographical flexibility; workforce is scattered across the world; set up in free trade zones in countries where rules are favourable 03.01.02 The influence of Transnational organisations / modernisation sees TNCs as playing a major role; Marxists are critical of their exploitation; may be guilty of illegal and immoral acts for example Shell in Nigeria forcibly seizing land; Matalan's sweatshops; Coca-colas ecological damage in Kerala where they drained a million litres of water; Union Carbide failed to take responsibility for explosion in Bhopal that killed 2800 people; Nestle aggressively influenced mothers to use milk powder where access to water was limited; however is it the responsibility of the TNC of government? 03.01.01 ®Commandagons / Transnational Corporations 03.01 Evaluate sociological explanations of the role of transnational corporations in development. [20] SOC3.03.02 To know and understand the role of intergovernmental organisations in global development To show knowledge , describe a range of different intergovernmental organisations To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of IGOs To analyse , explain the role of IGOs in development To evaluate , evaluate the impact of IGOs in development 03.02 Intergovernmental Organisations / UN primary goal is peacekeeping, includes a number of agencies including WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF; EU is a political union and is the world's largest aid donor; The G8 consists of 8 highly industrialised countries that meet to discuss global issues such as economic growth, trade, aid and debt, global security, climate change and terrorism. Primary motivation is protecting neo-liberal dominance of trade; WTO governs global trade and to reduce trade barriers and competition between nations which can harm poor countries; World bank (long term loans) and IMF (short term loans) for developing countries whose economies are weak and in trouble, can be seen as neo-liberals pressuring developing countries to develop along their lines 03.02 Evaluate sociological explanations of the role of international organisations in development. [20] SOC3.03.03 To know and understand the role of NGOs in global development To show knowledge, describe non-governmental organisations To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of NGOs To analyse , explain the role of NGOs in development To evaluate, evaluate the impact of NGOs in development 03.03 NGOs / charities that operate globally such as Oxfam; anti-globalisation movement which share common concerns about the way the world favours Western interests and trade; positives include funding and provision of services related to poverty alleviation and welfare, responding to emergencies and disasters, education and consciousness raising, to hold powerful global organisations to account, campaigning for sustainable development and the mobilisation of public opinion and protest; Negatives include often work closely with governments, funding comes from Western governments, reluctant to criticise neo-liberal policies, funding means they are likely to distance themselves from radical groups, neo-liberal influence means they have to abandon bottom up approaches, ethnocentric and fail to consult with local people, and in spite of operating for over 70 years they have failed to bring about any real change. NGO leaders and bureaucrats have a vested interest in poverty as it ensures high salaries and job security. The
impact of neo-liberalism; structural adjustment programmes are loans from the IMF with goals; aid; humanitarianism; disaster relief; accountability; global social movements; people-centred development; grassroots development; bottom-up projects; sustainability. 03.03.01 ®Double Bubble / Greenpeace vs. Oxfam 03.03.02 ®Evaluation Line / Positives of NGOs 03.03.03 ®Evaluation Line / Negatives of NGOs 03.03.04 ®Conceptagons / TNC, NGOs, IGOs 03.03.01 Evaluate the contribution of non-governmental organisations to the development process. [10] 17 03.03.02 Evaluate sociological explanations of the role of non-governmental organisations in development. [20] SOC3.04 Evaluate the view that increasing trade is a more effective strategy for development than increasing aid SOC3.04.01 To know and understand the role of aid in modernisation To show knowledge , describe different types of aid To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the application of aid To analyse , explain the role of aid in modernisation To evaluate , evaluate the role of aid in modernisation in creating dependency and future recommendations 04.01.01 Types of Aid / Aid may take the form of bilateral (between two countries) and multilateral (through an organisation such as the EU or IMF), can be emergency aid, financial grant or a loan with interest. Often a political and economic agenda in which aid is often tied to particular goals and could be a form of neo-colonialism such as cold war and anticommunism 04.01.02 Case for aid / Targeted aid works when it is practical, targeted, science based and measurable. Aid pays for 80% of child vaccinations, seen as stopping the world falling apart and only goes so far but does help, traps exist including conflict (governments are often involved in wars) and funds bad governance failing to distribute aid. Important for modernisation as it kick starts development. 04.01.03 Case against aid / Bauer (neo-liberal) claims aid is counterproductive for political, economic, and cultural reasons and creates a dependency culture. Calderisi claims debt is a self- inflicted problem due to poor economic management, lack of African unity, corruption and lack of good government, Collier: four traps of conflict natural resources, land locked with bad neighbours and bad governance. Distributed with little follow up or accountability for spending (Moyo) and it undermines local entrepreneurs. According to Marxists it deliberately functions to bring about and sustain underdevelopment. According to the post-development view it is a way of the US to dominate the world, accelerating the adoption of Western values. The effectiveness of aid is undermined by the debt owed. Needs reform. 04.01.04 Aid and Gender / marginalisation of women in aid projects, aid projects aimed at empowering women, e.g. micro credit schemes, aid projects aimed at education of girls, aid projects and reproductive rights, decision making within the aid industry by men and aid that does not take gender into account may reinforce existing inequalities. 04.01.01 ®Evaluation Line / Cases for and against aid 04.01.02 ®Evaluation Line / Why Give Aid? 04.01 Outline and explain two ways in which aid may affect gender inequalities. [10] 18 04.02 Evaluate the role of aid in development [12] SOC3.04.02 To know and understand the impact of trade on employment in the developing world To show knowledge , describe trade. To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of trade. To analyse , explain the impact of trade and employment on development To evaluate , evaluate the role of trade and fair trade in modernisation 04.02.01 Case for Trade / Trade allows a move from subsistence farming and cottage industries through free trade using Taylorism and Fordism. Has an impact on migration and conjugal roles and creates employment .Governments are expected to pull down barriers, to work hard and cheaply without complaint, public services are privatised and social life should be organised around profit (work before family). Globalisation has led to outsourcing, call centres, shifts in labour and the growth of TNCs.
05.02.02 Urbanisation and Dependency / Ethnocentric view and urbanisation is best. Creates an urban underclass that live in slums. Money is often spent on vanity projects in the cities such as airports and conference centres and ignores the rest of the country 05.02.01 ®Evaluation Line / Urbanisation 05.02.02 ®Paragraph Chain 05.02.01 Evaluate the role of urbanisation in dependency [12] 05.02.02 ‘Urbanisation is a necessary and desirable aspect of development.’ To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? SOC3.06 Evaluate the impact of development on the environment (20 marks) SOC3.06.01 To know and understand the impact of development on the environment To show knowledge , describe the impact of development on the environment To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of environmental pressure points To analyse , explain the role and impact of development on the environment To evaluate , evaluate the role and impact of development on the environment 06.01 Development and environmental damage / Western lifestyles, consumer demand and economic necessity fuel environmental damage. Environmental degradation can be shown in species extinction, deforestation, desertification and water pollution. Environmental pressure points that cause environmental degradation include population growth, economic necessity, industrial and agribusiness development, greed and corruption, poverty and debt and Western consumption; production of goods in factories may generate pollution; higher levels of consumption generate increased waste which may be difficult to recycle or dispose of. 06.01 ®Evaluation Line / Environmental Pressure Points 06.01.01 Evaluate the relationship between development in environmental damage [12] 06.01.02 Analyse two ways in which industrialisation may affect the environment. [10] 17 SOC3.06.02 To know and understand the role of environmentally sustainable and appropriate strategies within development To show knowledge , defining sustainable and appropriate development To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of sustainable and appropriate development To analyse , explain the role and impact of sustainable and appropriate development on the environment To evaluate , evaluate the impact of sustainable and appropriate development on the environment 06.02 Environmental sustainability and development / Development strategies focussed on solving problems which might threaten chaos at a global level. The Brundtland Commission concluded that economic development should be compatible with greater responsibility for the global environment however the biggest polluters have been slow to commit. Global is thinking globally, acting locally: 'Small is beautiful'; 'think global, act local'; 06.02 ®Commandagons / Environmental Sustainability 06.02 Evaluate the relationship between environmental sustainability and development [12] SOC3.07 Evaluate the impact of war and conflict on development. (20 marks) Jan 2012 SOC3.07.01 To know and understand the relationship between War, Identity and Globalisation To show knowledge , define old wars and new wars To apply knowledge and show depth, outlining examples of old wars and new wars To analyse , explain the relationship between war, identity and globalisation including colonial legacies and trade To evaluate , evaluate the relationship between war, identity and globalisation 07.01.01 Colonial legacies on war and conflict / Imperialism and colonialism in Rwanda, India and Pakistan and the Middle East 07.01.02 War, Identity and Globalisation / Old wars were total wars involving public confrontations, battles, clashes of ideology and technology was focused on the mass production of weapons of destruction. New wars involve diaspora communities, different modes of warfare such as guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency, globalised financing and shadow economies involving trade in blood diamonds, ivory and oil. 07.01.01 ®Double Bubble / Old Wars vs. New Wars 07.01 Evaluate the role of identity and globalisation in war [12] SOC3.07.02 To know and understand the effects of conflict on developing countries
To show knowledge , describing the effects of war on developing countries To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the effects of conflict on developing countries To analyse , explain the effects of conflict on developing countries and underdevelopment To evaluate , evaluate the impact of war on development 07.02.01 War and Underdevelopment / Underdevelopment can lead to civil war. Poverty as a high risk factor and life is cheap Weak state can lead to a coup trap. Civil war reduces economic growth by 2.3%. Disrupts agencies central to development such as education. 07.02.02 Effect of conflict on developing countries / Development in reverse, disruption of trade, education and culture, disease, refugees, crime rates, child soldiers and sexual violence 07.02.01 ®Evaluation Line / child soldiers, disruption of trade, disease, education and culture, refugees, crime rates 07.02.02 ®Conceptagons / child soldiers, disruption of trade, disease, education and culture, refugees, crime rates 07.02 Evaluate the effect if conflict on developing countries [12] SOC3.08 Evaluate the relationship between development and employment SOC3.08.01 To know and understand the role of employment in development To show knowledge , describe the changing nature of employment in development To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of development on employment To analyse , explain the role and impact of development on employment To evaluate, evaluate the role and impact of development on employment 08.01.02 Development and Employment / There is now a global division of labour where TNCs increasingly outsource work. 1.65 billion (of 3 billion) have regular wages most in the developed world. The nature of work has changed dramatically moving towards factories, formal work is found in the cities. The majority of workers in the developing world are in the informal economy which often involves maintaining crops or livestock on family plots of land, recycling waste products and casual work, this is not considered a regular income. 08.01.02 Women and employment / Having a huge impact on women who earn significantly less than men, more women are employed (in factories) which is positive but is likely exploitative. Women's unemployment is higher than men. The majority of factory work is informal. More likely to be involved in sex work. Dual burden. 08.01.03 Child Labour / Work done by under 12 year olds that impedes education or is damaging to health and development. Need for all members of the family to work and no schools available (or not available without money). Skills are important to subsistence. 08.01 ®Commandagons / Employment 08.01 Evaluate the role of development on employment [12] SOC3.08.02 To know and understand the relationship between globalisation and employment To show knowledge , describe the relationship between globalisation and employment To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of globalisation on employment To analyse , explain the role and impact of globalisation on employment To evaluate , evaluate the role and impact of globalisation on employment 08.02.01 Urbanisation and Employment / Mass migration to cities. Families may have employment in cities and also have a small holding. Creates more job opportunities. Can increase youth unemployment (or underemployment) by moving to cities 08.02.02 Employment, Poverty and Migration / Poverty is decreasing because of increased employment. Global economic downturns can impact employment including changes in stock markets, food prices, banking crisis. High rate of economic migration can lead to 'brain drain' due to push and pull reasons 08.02 ®Commandagons / Migration and Employment 08.02 Evaluate the role of globalisation on employment [12] SOC3.09 Evaluate the view that western models of education are not appropriate for most developing countries. SOC3.09.01 To know and understand the role of education in modernisation theory as a developmental strategy To show knowledge , describe the role of education in development
To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of neo-colonialism on health care To analyse , explain the impact of neo-colonialism on health care To evaluate , evaluate the role of bottom up, holistic health care solutions 10.02 Health and dependency / Poverty caused by the West is the main cause of health inequalities including malnutrition, lack of investment in health services and immunisations. Pharmaceutical companies may exploit countries through the AIDS epidemic for example. Western countries may poach home grown professionals. Health care systems are often based on the Western biomedical model which believes in treatment by doctors and pharmaceuticals however a bottom up approach may be more effective which focus on hygiene, contraception and childcare. Traditional and spiritual medicine is still common 10.02 ®Commandagons / Dependency and Health 10.02 Evaluate the role of healthcare in dependency theory [12] SOC3.11 Evaluate the view that global population growth is becoming ‘out of control’. SOC3.11.01 To know and understand the relationship between modernisation and population growth To show knowledge , describe population trends and defining crude birth rate; fertility rate; crude death rate; infant mortality rate; life expectancy To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the impact of population growth To analyse , explain the link between modernisation and population growth To evaluate , evaluate the impact of population growth on development 11.01.01 Trends in population growth / population growth has been rapid and most of this change has been in the developing world, by 2050 9 in 10 people will live in a developing country 11.01.02 Malthus, neo-Malthusians and overpopulation / Development is stunted by overpopulation. Malthus (1798) claimed that populations grow faster than they are able to feed themselves so are controlled through natural checks such as war and famine. According to Ehrlich in The Population Bomb, 'the battle to feed all humanity is over'. Over population is responsible for problems in the developing world. Traditional patriarchal beliefs and religion creates barriers. Family planning, Western aid to stabilise population and the education of women are solutions. However predictions have failed to come true. 11.01 ®Commandagons / Malthusian Approach to Population 11.01 Evaluate the view that population is out of control [12] SOC3.11.02 To know and understand the dependency approach to consumption and population To show knowledge , describe the dependency criticisms of the Malthusian approach To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the criticisms To analyse , explain the social context of health and fertility in the developing world To evaluate , evaluate whether overconsumption is more of a threat than overpopulation 11.02 Dependency, inequality and consumption / Poverty causes high population as children are economic assets. Eberstadt argues that 'it's not because people started breeding like rabbits. It's that they stopped dying like flies' and Western medicine has contributed to this. Overpopulation is not the problem but overconsumption for example the USA has 6% of the global population but consumes 40% of the world's resources and as such Malthusian thought is racist. Famine is caused by inequalities in land ownership which has resulted in the poor having to farm poor quality land. 11.01 ®Evaluation Line / Consumption vs. Population 11.02 Evaluate the view that overconsumption is more of a problem than overpopulation [12] SOC3.12 Evaluate the relationship between gender and development. (20 marks) Jan 2012 SOC3.12.01 To know and understand the position of women in the developing world including work, education, health and status To show knowledge , describe the position of women in the developing world To apply knowledge and show depth, outline examples of the position of women in the developing world To analyse , explain the position of women in the developing world To evaluate , evaluate the impact development on the role of women 12.01.01 Women in the developing world / Equality does lag behind women are increasingly accessing more opportunities. Women experience the conditions of under development to a greater extent than men - women earn less, high chance of dying in pregnancy related causes,
AIDs as a disproportionate effect on women, 90 million girls receive no education at all, more likely to be subjected to violence such as FGM 12.01.02 Modernisation and Women / Barriers to development oppress women and low status is an obstacle because their potential contribution to the economy (including girls into education) is not realised and their status as mothers contribute to overpopulation. 12.01 ®Commandagons / Modernisation and Women 12.01 Evaluate the impact of modernisation on women [12] SOC3.12.02 To know and understand the position of women in the marginalisation and exploitation thesis and solutions to inequality Will show knowledge by outlining marginalisation and exploitation theses Will apply knowledge and show depth by giving examples of the marginalisation and exploitation Will analyse and explain marginalisation and exploitation Will evaluate the solutions to gender inequality 12.02.01 Feminism and the position of women in the developing world / Modernisation is patriarchal as it's malestream and developed from a male perspective. Because of this women are marginalised and ignored in development. Since the 1990s Women have been included for example in the MDGs and in NGOs 12.02.02 Marxist-Feminism and the position of women in the developing world / Women in the developing world are more exploited by capitalism and are on the margins. TNCs aim to exploit women and don’t invest in training and assume women are more likely to put up with lower wages and poorer conditions (exploitation thesis). However they do earn more than previously, work allows women to escape patriarchy in the countryside and this work is more attractive than others available 12.02.03 Postmodernists and the position of women in the developing world / Critical of how the 'woman' has been constructed as "ignorant, poor, uneducated, tradition-bound, domestic, family orientated, victimised, etc." Women in the developing world have different priorities to how Western feminism presents them including reproductive rights and violence from pursuing these. 12.02.04 Future for women in the developing world / Women do have more rights and opportunities through a new generation of women such as Malala and women involved in the decision making process. However, the vast majority of women still have very little power, FGM still continues, lack of political will to tackle the problems, the rise of religious fundamentalism, the militarisation of the world is having a disproportionate effect as is environmental degradation. 12.02.01 ®Conceptagons / feminism, Marxist feminism, postmodernists 12.02.02 ®Conceptagons / Employment, Education, Health, Population and Gender 12.02 Evaluate the sociological perspectives on the position of women in the developing world [12]
01.03 Social Measures / HDI is composite indicator comprising of GDP (wealth), education (adult literacy rate) and health (life expectancy); is a value between 0 and 1 (which can be read as a %); Millennium Development Goals look at the progress of 8 measures as defined by the UN; GNH is developed by Bhutan and includes happiness as a measure; Social progress index includes basic human needs, foundation of well-being and opportunity The Human Development Index https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF9Mn85O1YI Wikipedia: Human Development Index http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index Is HDI the best indicator for measuring development: http://youtu.be/gApXueVX-vs Human Development Index: http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected= Human Development Index: http://youtu.be/EuczJTVGk6c 8 Millennium Development Goals: What We Met And Missed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5giOGjj5X Millennium development goals http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/UN Millennium develop goals by 2015 http://youtu.be/v3p2VLTowAA How We Can Make the World a Better Place by 2030 (Social Development Index) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o08ykAqLOxk Social Progress Index https://www.socialprogress.org/ What is GNH? http://youtu.be/7Zqdqa4YNvI Developing countries experiencing unprecedented growth, says UN report http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=
02.01 Functionalist Origins of Development / Tonnies on gemeinschaft (community) and gesellschaft (society); Durkheim on mechanical (in which everyone does the same job and they work like cogs in a machine) and organic solidarity (in which there is a complex division of labour like the body); this is described as an evolution; shifting equilibrium of cultural patterns rather than a big jump including status, equality, division of labour. What's the difference between mechanical and organic solidarity? http://sg.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080318170128AATg87r Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft http://sociology.about.com/od/G_Index/g/Gemeinschaft- Gesellschaft.htm Theories of Development (0:00-5:04) https://youtu.be/om5so5znk-o Tonnies and Parsons http://youtu.be/ihvdkYooiLQ 02.02 Rostow's Modernisation Theory / Cold war origins which led Western countries to develop a strategy to direct developing (often neutral) countries down a path of capitalism; consists of five stages of development; key stages are take-off in which there is Western intervention towards conspicuous consumption and reinvestment of wealth Modernization Theory https://revisesociology.com/2017/09/19/modernization-theory/ Capitalism and Socialism: Crash Course World History #33 http://youtu.be/B3u4EFTwprM USA vs. USSR Fight! The Cold War: Crash Course World History #39 http://youtu.be/y9HjvHZfCUI
02.08.01 Influence of Dependency Theory today / Poor countries are not to blame; need to look towards locally sensitive solutions (not ethnocentric); influence of TNCs; Sachs and Esteva see a failure of development; creating socioeconomic global apartheid; Full article: Post-development 25 years after The Development Dictionary (tandfonline.com) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2017. The Problem with Globalization - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZXJYE0ZY0s A future imperfect: why globalisation went wrong | Adrian Wooldridge | TEDx London Business School - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agjGFwpTFaM 02.08.02 People centred Solutions / Korten and Sen on people centred, local development; Send a cow and micro credit are examples of this; Send a cow https://sendacow.org/ People centred development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People-centered_development Korten on Third Generation NGO Strategies http://www.davidkorten.org/sites/files/pdfs/Korten%20Third%20Generation%20NGO%20Strateg ies.pdf http://www.davidkorten.org/ Post development theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdevelopment_theory Microfinance 101 [PovertyCure Episode 2] - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LK4XMF2u8Y 02.08.03 Solutions to Dependency / Isolation, as in the example of China from about 1960 to 2000, which is now successfully emerging as a global economic superpower having isolated itself from the West for the past 4 decades. A second solution is to break away at a time when the metropolis country is weak, as India did in Britain in the 1950s, following world war 2. India is now a rising economic power. Thirdly, there is socialist revolution as in the case of Cuba. This, however, resulted in sanctions being applies by America which limited trade with the country, holding its development back. Many leaders in African countries adopted dependency theory, arguing that and developing political movements that aimed to liberate Africa from western exploitation, stressing nationalism rather than neo-colonialism. North Korea’s Isolation Is Deepening – The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/north- koreas-isolation-is-deepening/ How North Korea Became So Isolated | HuffPost UK (huffingtonpost.co.uk) https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/north-korea-history-isolation_n_5991000?ri18n=true 02.08.04 Criticisms of Dependency / Some countries appear to have benefited from Colonialism – Goldethorpe (1975) pointed out that those countries that had been colonised at least have the benefits of good transport and communication networks, such as India, whereas many countries that were never colonised, such as Ethiopia, are much less developed. Modernisation theorists would argue against the
view that Isolation and communist revolution is an effective path to development, given the well-known failings of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. Neoliberalists would argue that it is mainly internal factors that lead to underdevelopment, not exploitation – They argue that it is corruption within governments (poor governance) that is mainly to blame for the lack of development in many African countries. According to Neoliberals what Africa needs is less isolation and more Capitalism. Dependency Theory – Revise Sociology https://revisesociology.com/2015/10/17/dependency- theory/ 02.09.01 Definitions of Globalisation / Sociology for one world; Transformations; connections; homogenisation; 'a set of mutually reinforcing transformations'; time and space; economic markets; shared economic and environmental problems; What Is Globalization? (piie.com) https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is- globalization Globalization I - The Upside: Crash Course World History #41 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SnR-e0S6Ic What is globalisation? - Globalisation - GCSE Geography Revision - BBC Bitesize https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxpn2p3/revision/ What is Globalisation? I A Level and IB Economics - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oaj_hN9z9Gs 02.09.02 Theories of Globalisation / Hyper-Globalists (happening and good); Pessimistic Globalists (happening and bad); Traditionalists (not happening, always been there); Transformationalists (exaggerated but happening) Globalization theories | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQIVIYCZ4ec Anti-globalization movement - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti- globalization_movement#:~:text=Anti%2Dglobalization%20advocates%20urge%20that,Chomsky %20stated%20in%202002%20that 02.09.03 Responses to Globalisation / Seabrook on responses to globalisation: Fatalistic; welcoming; resistance; global community Other than welcoming (often from business) there are a number of responses: Fatalism A fatalistic response, which states that the world is simply powerless to resist globalization. Seabrook argues that most leaders of the developed world take the position that globalization is inevitable and irreversible. He suggests these leaders are experiencing an ‘impotence of convenience’ – their confessed powerlessness disguises the fact that the forces of globalization economically advantage their countries and their economic elites. Reasserting Local Identity Some cultures may attempt to resist globalization by reasserting local identity. This may involve deliberately highlighting and celebrating local folklore and languages. For example the French government have banned words such as ‘email’, ‘takeaway’ and now ‘hashtag’ and imposed a ‘culture tax’ on cinemas showing non-French films. Another aspect of this trend is ‘commodification’ in which local populations package and sell aspects of their local traditional cultures – for example members of the Masai tribe in Kenya perform for tourists, after carefully removing their trainers and watches to make the whole thing more authentic. Violent Resistance A final response is the emergence of violent resistance, mostly in the developing world, as some peoples interpret globalization as an assault on their identity. Seabrook argues that this is how we should understand terrorism – not as a response to poverty, but as a response to the ‘supposed miracle working, wealth-creating propensities of globalism’ as some religious and ethnic groups resist globalization because their interpret the West as having declared an ideological war on local cultures. Other responses include welcoming. Anti-Globalization Activists Spark Violent Protests In Response To The G20 Summit In Hamburg | TIME - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_u0yYuvzT Responses to Globalization – Revise Sociology https://revisesociology.com/2017/06/05/responses-to-globalization/ 02.10.01 Cultural Globalisation / Homogenisation; cultural imperialism coca-colonisation where one culture is taking over; however, we are not just consumer dopes; the spread of Western consumer lifestyle through cultural imperialism; the development of hybrid cultures in developing countries. Cultural homogenization - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_homogenization#:~:text=Cultural%20homogenization%20i s%20an%20aspect,but%20customs%2C%20ideas%20and%20values. Cultural imperialism - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism
