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Latin American Wars of Independence: Causes, Leaders, and Outcomes, Essays (high school) of Global studies

Global studies

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the latin american wars of independence, exploring the historical context, key figures, and lasting impacts. The document delves into the causes of independence, including the influence of colonialism, the enlightenment, and the french and american revolutions. It highlights the roles of prominent leaders like toussaint l'ouverture, father miguel hidalgo, simon bolivar, and jose de san martin, examining their motivations, strategies, and contributions to the independence movements. The notes also analyze the challenges faced by newly independent nations, including social inequality, economic dependence, and political instability. Valuable for understanding the complex history of latin america and the enduring legacy of its independence struggles.

Typology: Essays (high school)

2024/2025

Uploaded on 01/28/2025

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michael-hamlet 🇺🇸

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NOTES ST Latin America Independence - Econ Imperialism
NOTES: LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
on-line text 14.1 p 655-661
Framed Timeline
1500s - 1700s
Impact of Colonialism
Early 1800s
Independence
1800s
Post Independence
Problems
1800s - 1900s
Mexican Revolution
1917
Age of Exploration and
Discovery
Europeans came into the
Americas and
established colonies
Latin America decided
to win their
independence
After becoming
independent, they
wanted to:
Develop laws
Write a constitution
Achieve unity
Experienced problems
Ex: Mexican
Revolution→
CONTEXT / BACKGROUND - CAUSES / REASONS / INSPIRATION
1500s - 1700s: Review Impact of Colonialism
Europeans came into Latin America in the 1500s
They explored the area and discovered new things and
conquered (conquistadors)
Once they conquered, they send in settlers and then
establish a colonies (territories ruled by a foreign land)
Want to exploit the colonies to benefit the mother country
Conquistadors came in for the 3G’s- gold, glory, and god
Want to break free as they are being exploited socially,
economically, and politically
- Inequality; European descent gains privileges-
upper classes
The Columbian exchange- the Americas were useful land
Mercantilism- actions carried out to benefit the mother
country
Americas are valuable as they have lumbar, tobacco, coton,
sugarcane, spices (cash crops)
Encomienda System- A system of forced labor
Decline of Native Population as a result of European
disease
Slave labor substituted for a lack of native population (the
Atlantic Slave trade)
Review: Colonial rule in Central &
South America
pf3
pf4
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Partial preview of the text

Download Latin American Wars of Independence: Causes, Leaders, and Outcomes and more Essays (high school) Global studies in PDF only on Docsity!

NOTES ST Latin America Independence - Econ Imperialism

NOTES: LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

on-line text 14.1 p 655-

Framed Timeline

1500s - 1700s

Impact of Colonialism

Early 1800s

Independence

1800s

Post Independence

Problems

1800s - 1900s

Mexican Revolution

Age of Exploration and

Discovery

Europeans came into the

Americas and

established colonies

Latin America decided

to win their

independence

After becoming

independent, they

wanted to:

Develop laws

Write a constitution

Achieve unity

Experienced problems

Ex: Mexican

Revolution→

CONTEXT / BACKGROUND - CAUSES / REASONS / INSPIRATION

1500s - 1700s: Review Impact of Colonialism

Europeans came into Latin America in the 1500s

They explored the area and discovered new things and

conquered (conquistadors)

Once they conquered, they send in settlers and then

establish a colonies (territories ruled by a foreign land)

Want to exploit the colonies to benefit the mother country

Conquistadors came in for the 3G’s- gold, glory, and god

Want to break free as they are being exploited socially,

economically, and politically

- Inequality; European descent gains privileges-

upper classes

The Columbian exchange- the Americas were useful land

Mercantilism- actions carried out to benefit the mother

country

Americas are valuable as they have lumbar, tobacco, coton,

sugarcane, spices (cash crops)

Encomienda System- A system of forced labor

Decline of Native Population as a result of European

disease

Slave labor substituted for a lack of native population (the

Atlantic Slave trade)

Review: Colonial rule in Central &

South America

When bringing over slaves, you get people that are not

susceptible to diseases (immune to Malaria) and are used

to working in tropical conditions

Revolts:

Slaves in Haiti

  • Haiti was controlled by France
  • L’Overtoure (a slave) was fighting against the

French-

  • France is distracted by the Napoleonic wars in the

1800s, which is good for Haiti

  • So the Haitains see an opportunity to revolt over

France

  • He was educated; his owner had given him an

education

  • He will learn about the Revolution, constitutions,

the rights of men, and liberty equality and fraternity

  • He said that he deserves these rights
  • L’Overtoure died, but he provided the inspiration

for Haiti to win their independence (1804)

  • Haiti will become a Republic

Peninsulares/natives in Mexico

  • Mexico will be led by Father Hidalgo, or a Catholic

Priest

  • He rules a Parish
  • He is about the poor people and natives (rather than

personal powers) and demands rights for them

  • He is a reformer
  • He decides that he will become a radical and stage

a revolution for redistribution of wealth and

independence from Spain

  • Holds a famous meeting in which he issues his

famous “Grito de Dolores” or “Cry of Dolores”

calling people to take up arms

  • He tried to conquer the city of Mexico and he failed

in his efforts

  • But he provided inspiration for independence later
  • Executed in 1824-1825 ish when Mexico will

become a Republic (liberals)

Creoles (descendents of European blood) in South America

  • Middle class or above- wealthy aristocrats
  • Creoles of European descent tend to be the upper

classes- Men of PIE

  • Educated in Europe and used these

revolutionary ideas to win independence

  • Opposed to the slaves and natives/poor people
  • Leading Independence Movements against Spain in

South America

  • Bolivar and San Martin
    • Creoles
    • Men of PIE

Inspirations:

Napoleon

Liberalism

Nationalism

French Revolution

American Revolution

Took opportunity as Europe was going through chaos

during the early 1800’s as clash between liberalists and

conservatives

Different groups have different goals so unity is an issue

All work for independence but don’t trust one another

Leaders of Latin American Independence chart Name Class Date

Leaders of Latin American Independence

- pay attention to different goals

Toussaint L’Ouverture Haïti 1791 - (slave) Father Miguel Hidalgo Mexico 1810 (priest) Simon Bolivar South America 1810-20s (idealist) Jose de San Martin South America 1810-20s (realist) Goals Inspired kindness for those in authority over slaves Wanted the slaves to learn to read and write Economic advancements Newer agricultural methods Political convictions Fighting for the lower classes Break free from Spanish rule by joining the resistance and launching invasions Wanted to join the patriot forces Wanted to become a general Actions He joined the slave uprising/surrgency Became a soldier Captured the Spanish half of the island Haiti became an independent island Belonged to a pro-independence group Revolutions against the Spanish Ra cial equality speech Born into a prosperous family who took their money from rich gold and copper mines they owned in Venezuela Moved to Spain in 17999- following the death of his parents Education→ began with tutors in Venezuela and continued in Spain Married María Teresa Rodríguez- later died of yellow fever Bolivar later returned to Venezuela and stayed with Napoleon Fought in some Peninsular Wars Resigned from the Spanish Army in 1812 Sailed forBuenos Aires Trained and recruited his army in 3 years from Andes Met with Bolivar Left the Spanish army after hearing about the revolt January 1817 San Martin army of Argentines and fugitives of Chile over the Andes surprised the Spanish army in Chile

Napoleon named Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies (including Venezuela), Bolivar joined the resistance Resistance group in Caracas gained independence in 1810 Bolivar traveled to Britain on a diplomatic mission and fought for control of Caracas and most of South America When returning to Venezuela, he began a campaign to wrest control of the country from the Spanish Invaded Venezuela on May 14, 1813

  • Marked the start of “Campaña Admirable” which resulted in the formation of the Venezuelan Second Republic Hailed El Libertador, although a civil war soon erupted among the republic Wrote his famous “Letter From Jamaica” detailing his vision of a South American republic with a parliamentary setup and a life-long president (modeled after England) Claimed many territories in military battle Gran Colombia formed under Bolivar's leadership (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) Outcome Napoleon decides to capture labitar and takes away slaves freedom They get their freedom back Movement for independence Symbol of the independence movement Succeeded in uniting much of South America from Spanish control Became a military governor of the north defense against Spanish troops in Upper Peru
  • North America is interested in South America
    • Yankee Imperialism meant as a criticism of the United States in terms of policy - Americ takes control of some of the countries
    • Will interfere and try to impose democracy Post Independence Problems Social - Political - Economic Issues Bolivar “many tyrants will rise upon my tomb” Caudillos - military dictators / local strongmen Unity is an issue Class division Creoles dominate - wealthy aristocrats
  • majority are ignored Land reform needed Peonage: peasants tied to land to pay off debts. Also called debt slavery or debt servitude, is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work. Regionalism - loyalty to a region Leadership issues - Lack of experience Economic Imperialism /Dependence
  • occurs when less-developed nations export raw materials & commodities to industrial nations & import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. It is unequal because the more developed & wealthier nation controls prices & trade terms Cash crop economy - nations depend on one crop US Influence “Yankee Imperialism” the most Peonage- a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work
  • Laborers will be deprived of their rights
  • Form of taxation through labor