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GNRS 515-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-EXAM
1|ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS|A+GRADE
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? A. Hyperplasia B. Metaplasia C. Dysplasia D. Anaplasia B. Metaplasia The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of: A. Compensatory hyperplasia B. Hormonal hyperplasia C. Hormonal anaplasia D. Hormonal dysplasia B. Hormonal Hyperplasia When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells? A. They divide B. They increase in size
C. They increase in number D. They undergo metaplasia B. They increase in size After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of hormonal: A. Hyperplasia. B. Dysplasia. C. Hypertrophy D. Anaplasia A. Hyperplasia The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called: A. Dysplasia. B. Pathologic dysplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Pathologic hyperplasia D. Pathologic Hyperplasia Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells. A. Dysplasia B. Metaplasia
B. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production C. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell D. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton A. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? A. Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell C. Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell D. Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell What organs are affected by coagulative necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury? A. Lungs and pulmonary vessels B. Brain and spinal cord C. Kidneys and heart
D. Muscles and bones C. Kidneys and heart What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? A. Coagulative necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis C. Caseous necrosis D. Gangrene necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis? A. Bacteriologic necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Liquefactive necrosis D. Gangrenous necrosis B. Caseous necrosis What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene? A. Coagulative necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis C. Caseous necrosis D. Gangrene necrosis
A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing? A. Tumor in differentiation B. Dysplastic C. Cancer in situ D. Cancer beyond (meta) situ C. Cancer in situ A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth? A. Neoplasm B. Lipoma C. Meningioma D. Hypertrophy A. Neoplasm An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing? A. Autonomy B. Anaplasia C. Pleomorphic D. Metastasis B. Anaplasia
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? A. Red blood cells B. Apoptotic cells C. Enzymes D. Neurotransmitters C. Enzymes A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased? A. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) B. Catecholamines C. Prostate-specific antigen D. Homovanillic acid A. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: A. Release of growth factors B. Tumor regression C. Apoptosis D. New blood vessel growth D. New blood vessel growth
B. Point mutations A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? A. Herpesvirus B. Rubella virus C. Human papillomavirus (HPV) D. Hepatitis B virus C. Human papillomavirus (HPV) A 30-year-old male with HIV is diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus. After 2 months, the virus is still active. Based upon the Epstein-Barr virus, which of the following cancers is most likely to develop in this patient? A. B cell lymphoma B. Kaposi sarcoma C. T cell leukemia D. T cell lipoma A. B cell lymphoma
A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient? A. Gastric cancer B. Leukemia C. Lung cancer D. Adenocarcinoma of the colon A. Gastric cancer Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and: A. Lung tissue B. Body cavities C. Lymphatics D. Connective tissues C. Lymphatics A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? A. Pneumonia and lung cancer
C. antidiuretic hormone D. hydrostatic forces A. osmotic forces How does the body reestablish equilibrium when solute is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic? A. Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space B. Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space C. Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space D. Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space D. Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure C. Capillary oncotic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the: A. interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure B. capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure C. interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure B. capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure C. Capillary oncotic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure C. Capillary oncotic pressure A person reports severe diarrhea for 2 days. The nurse understands this stimulates a:
D. decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation. B. increase in plasma osmolality.
. ________ alterations occur when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes A. Isotonic B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic D. Normotonic A. Isotonic How does SIADH cause excess water? A. The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules. B. The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose, which binds to water. C. The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water. D. The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules.
D. The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules. The intravenous administration of Mannitol would cause: A. Isotonic hyponatremia B. Hypertonic hypernatremia C. Hypotonic hyponatremia D. Hypertonic hyponatremia D. Hypertonic hyponatremia D5W is not used for treating hypovolemia because most of the infused volume would eventually go to the: A. Urine B. Interstitial fluid compartment C. Intracellular fluid compartment D. Intravascular fluid compartment C. Intracellular fluid compartment How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
C. Renal failure and Addison disease D. Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease C. Renal failure and Addison disease When taking care of a patient with hyperkalemia, which principle is priority? Hyperkalemia causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle. A. Increase; increased B. Decrease; increased C. Increase; decreased D. Decrease; decreased A. Increase; increased Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? A. Excess aldosterone B. Acute acidosis C. Insulin usage D. Metabolic alkalosis B. Acute acidosis
A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Constipation C. Hypoglycemia D. Primary hyperaldosteronism D. Primary hyperaldosteronism A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe? A.Weak pulse B. Excessive thirst C. Oliguria D. Constipation C. Oliguria
5A 24y/o man is found unresponsive on the floor soiled with vomit. He was
seen 4 hours prior, and appeared well then
