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- Cell - Answer-The basic unit of structure and function of living things
- Tissue - Answer-A group of similar cells that perform the same function
- Organ - Answer-A structure in the body that is composed of different types of tissues
- adaptation - Answer-A behaviour of physical characteristic that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment Sexual reproduction - Answer-a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents fertilization - Answer-the joining of a sperm and an egg asexual reproduction - Answer-A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent phylum - Answer-one of the major groups into which biologists classify members of a kingdom vertebrate - Answer-an animal that has a backbone invertebrate - Answer-an animal that does not have a backbone larva - Answer-the immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult cnidarian - Answer-an invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself
polyp - Answer-the cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted for a life attached to an underwater surface medusa - Answer-The cnidarian body plan having a bowl like shape and adapted for a free-swimming life colony - Answer-a group of organisms living and growing together coral reef - Answer-a diverse environment named for the coral animals that make up its stony structure parasite - Answer-the organism that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction host - Answer-the organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on organism - Answer-a living thing scavenger - Answer-a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms anus - Answer-the muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body closed circulatory system - Answer-a circulatory system in which blood moves only within a connected network of tubes called blood vessels bilateral symmetry - Answer-body plan with two halves that are mirror images
S= solve eg. D=4/2 = 2 S= statement eg. therefore the density of .... was 2g/ml total internal reflection-ANSWER-the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle critical angle-ANSWER-the minimum angle of incidence for which a light ray is totally reflected within a medium, Dispersion-ANSWER-the process of separating colours by refraction (white light (ROYGBIV) refracts TWICE, when it enters and leaves the prism, when light leaves, separated into spectrum of colours) rainbow-ANSWER-An arc of colours of the visible spectrum appearing opposite the Sun, caused by reflection, and the dispersion of the Suns rays as they pass through raindrops. After a rainstorm, sky is filled with tiny water droplets and the sunlight REFLECTS off of these water droplets. All of these factors can be explained by reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in raindrops. Sundogs-ANSWER-Bright spots on both sides of the sun, also called "mock suns" or parhelia. Occur when ice crystals in atmosphere REFRACT sunlight. apparent depth-ANSWER-an optical effect in which the image of an object appears closer than the object, image is formed by refraction of light shimmering-ANSWER-The apparent movement of objects in hot air over objects and surfaces. Caused by refraction of light in unevenly heated air mirages-ANSWER-an optical effect caused by the bending of light rays passing through layers of air that have extremely different temperatures. When sunlight reaches the hot air near the ground, the sunlight is refracted upwards. lens-ANSWER-Transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract
Refractions in lenses-ANSWER-One refraction as it goes in and another as it goes out of the lens Converging lenses-ANSWER-Brings parallel light rays toward a common point. Also called CONVEX, thickest in the middle and usually forms real images. Diverging lenses-ANSWER-Spreads parallel light rays away from a common point. Also called concave lenses. Lens is thinnest in the middle and forms virtual images. Lens terminology-ANSWER-principal axis; optical centre; vertical axis; focal point; focal length Converging lens ray diagram-ANSWER-- Draw a straight line from the top of the object
- Draw a line from the top of the object to the middle of the lens
- Where the 2 lines meet, draw the image (this is a real image)
- If the 2 lines do not meet, trace both lines back to form a virtual image Diverging lens ray diagram-ANSWER- concave lens uses-ANSWER-correct nearsightedness, spy holes in doors, flashlights convex lens uses-ANSWER-To correct farsightedness, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses What is light?-ANSWER-Form of energy, visible light is one form of electromagnetic radiation (EM) Light can be described as-ANSWER-both a particle and a wave (wave particle duality) Photon-ANSWER-A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
electric discharge-ANSWER-Emits light from a heated gas or vapour, (street lights) Fluorescence light-ANSWER-- Light is emitted during exposure of the source to ultraviolet light
- more efficient at producing light (bulbs) phosphorescence-ANSWER-Light emitted due to exposure of the source to ultraviolet light and continues to be emitted for sometime in absence of ultra violet light (glow in the dark objects) Bioluminescence-ANSWER-the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism (jellyfish) Chemiluminescence-ANSWER-The light that is emitted by a chemical reaction that does not produce significant amounts of heat. (Glow sticks) 3 ways light can interact with objects-ANSWER-Reflection, absorption and transmission Reflection-ANSWER-The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass and changes direction. You see objects when some of the light striking an object is reflected into your eyes Absorption-ANSWER-When a substance absorbs light and does not allow it to be reflected or transmitted Substance appears white when-ANSWER-None of wavelengths are absorbed, all are reflected Substance appears black when-ANSWER-All of the wavelengths are absorbed, none are reflected medium-ANSWER-Material through which a wave travels
Transmission of light (transparent)-ANSWER-If an object is transparent, the light rays are completely transmitted through the object (glass, water) Transmission of light (translucent)-ANSWER-if an object is translucent, some light rays are transmitted through while some are absorbed or reflected (plastic cups, tissue paper) Transmission of light (opaque)-ANSWER-If an object is opaque, all of the light rays are absorbed or reflected off the surface. None of the light rays are transmitted through the object (wood, metal) shadow-ANSWER-Objects that are translucent or opaque will create a shadow which is the absence of light rays behind an object incident ray-ANSWER-The Ray that strikes a surface reflected ray-ANSWER-the light ray that bounces off a surface Speculate reflection-ANSWER-Reflection of light off a smooth surface, travel in same direction and can be reassembled to form an image diffuse reflection-ANSWER-reflection of light from a rough surface, scattered and no image forms plane mirror-ANSWER-A mirror with a flat surface for which the law of reflection would apply curved mirror-ANSWER-Concave and convex mirrors How do we see objects in the mirror-ANSWER-Light rays reflect off the object and strike the surface of the mirror. Light rays reflect off the mirror and some of the reflected light rays enter the viewers eyes
Use of concave mirror-ANSWER-Close up makeup mirror, side view mirror Use of convex mirror-ANSWER-Security mirror, rearview mirror Ray diagrams for plane mirror-ANSWER- Ray diagrams for convex mirrors-ANSWER-Regardless of the position of the object, a single convex (diverging) diverging mirror forms only a single virtual, upright, and reduced image. the further away the object, the smaller the image will be. Ray diagrams for concave mirrors-ANSWER-(a) object is placed beyond F. image produced is real, inverted and magnified (b) any time an object is at the focal point of a converging mirror, the reflected rays will be parallel, and thus, the image will be at infinity (c) object is placed between F and the mirror. image is virtual, upright, and magnified cell specialization/differentiation-ANSWER-The process by which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions. what is a specialized cell-ANSWER-A cell that performs a specific function How are cells specialized?-ANSWER-According to what genes are turned on and off, the genes turned on determines which proteins are present in the cells, proteins produced in the cell determine the function of the cell - makes the cell specialized for specific tasks stem cells-ANSWER-unspecialized cells that are able to develop into many different cell types
embryonic stem cells-ANSWER-Totipotent embryonic cells, which have the potential to develop into any type of body cell, come from unused embryos from in vitro (test tube) fertilization adult stem cells-ANSWER-pluripotent - > less versatile than totipotent, can only differentiate into cells related to the tissue from which they were harvested Why are stem cells important-ANSWER-Undifferentiated cells can be reprogrammed into any of the tissues of the body if given the correct instructions. Have enormous therapeutic potential - > repair damaged tissue, potentially replace damaged organs etc. Why are stem cells controversial-ANSWER-it involves the destruction of human embryos Tissues are-ANSWER-groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit 4 types of tissue-ANSWER-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous epithelial tissue-ANSWER-Tightly packed cells that form a protective barrier, protect other fissures from damage/injury and surfaces. Lines most body and organ surfaces connective tissue-ANSWER-Functions to connect, support, protect, and give structure to other fissures in the body (tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, blood) muscle tissue-ANSWER-A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. Three types: cardiac, skeletal, smooth 3 types of muscle tissue-ANSWER-skeletal, cardiac, smooth nervous tissue-ANSWER-A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
mechnanical vs chemical digestion-ANSWER-Mechanically: by chewing your teeth and tongue break the food down into smaller pieces Chemically: food mixes with saliva which contains enzymes (salivary amalase) to help down break food bolus-ANSWER-A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva pharynx (digestive system)-ANSWER-conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract Epiglottis-ANSWER-A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering. Digestion in the esophagus-ANSWER-Secrets mucus and pushes the holes into the stomach using muscle at contractions (peristalsis) Digestion in the stomach-ANSWER-Stomach muscles contract to mix the food (mechanical) the stomach also releases digestive enzymes to further break it down. Chyme-ANSWER-Semi fluid mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food that leaves the stomach Digestion in the Small intestine + villi-ANSWER-Most of the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream Villi are small projections that line the small intestine, villi increase surface area in the small intestine to absorbed nutrients which will go to our bodies cells where do digested nutrients go? what does the mitochondria do with the nurtients-ANSWER- nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream where cells use them for cell respiration (to make energy) and various other processes digestion in large intestine-ANSWER-Removes excess water from stool and holds it until its ready for elimination
digestion in rectum and anus-ANSWER-Feces are stored in rectum and eliminated through anus liver-ANSWER-secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions, filters toxins out of blood Gallbladder-ANSWER-stores bile and releases into small intestine when needed Pancreas-ANSWER-Secrets digestive enzymes to further breakdown food including fat, protein, and carbohydrates, also regulates blood sugar levels by producing insulin digestive system diagram-ANSWER- Order of organs in digestive system-ANSWER-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus respiratory system-ANSWER-Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. breathing-ANSWER-movement of air into and out of the lungs Why do we breathe?-ANSWER-We breathe to get oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and to get rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide. Why do we need oxygen?-ANSWER-Oxygen is needed for cell respiration and energy metabolism Diaphragm-ANSWER-Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing inhalation-ANSWER-rib muscles move out and diaphragm moves down to draw air into lungs
Respiratory system diagram-ANSWER- circulatory system-ANSWER-Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and nutrients to and from body tissues Circulatory system made up of-ANSWER-heart, blood vessels, blood blood-ANSWER-Fluid that transports nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body Has a liquid part - > plasma, solid part is made up of blood cells Composition of blood-ANSWER-plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets red blood cells-ANSWER-Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Hemoglobin-ANSWER-Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells white blood cells (leukocytes)-ANSWER-fight infection, part of immune sustem Platelets-ANSWER-tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding Plasma-ANSWER-Liquid part of blood (55%) blood vessels-ANSWER-Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body. Arteries-ANSWER-blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse
Veins-ANSWER-blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Capillaries-ANSWER-connect arteries and veins, function in gas exchange, deliver nutrients and carry away waste products heart-ANSWER-A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. Pumps blood to body tissues which later returns to the heart heart diagram-ANSWER- Blood flow through the heart-ANSWER- 1 - Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick up oxygen, 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle, 12- Aortic Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body Cardiac circulation-ANSWER-Blood flow within the heart pulmonary circulation-ANSWER-flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart systematic circulation-ANSWER-path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body pulse-ANSWER-Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. gas exchange-ANSWER-Oxygen rich blood delivered to tissues, oxygen enters into body cells. Carbon dioxide leaves body cells and enters the blood to be removed as waste. Diagram of Circulatory System-ANSWER-
Ground tissue-ANSWER-tissue system that makes up the majority (interior) of a plant - photosynthesis and storage vascular tissue-ANSWER-specialized tissue in plants that transports water, sugars, and minerals throughout the plant Plant organs include-ANSWER-roots, stems, leaves, flowers leaf-ANSWER-Provides a large surface area for photosynthesis to take place in most plants. stem-ANSWER-supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them roots-ANSWER-Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground. flower and fruit-ANSWER-reproductive part of the plant, only present in some plants root system-ANSWER-Takes in water and minerals from soil and transports substances to the shoot system shoot system-ANSWER-supports the plant, performs photosynthesis, and transports water and nutrients Plant diagram-ANSWER- Glucose-ANSWER-A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. Starch-ANSWER-storage form of glucose in plants
Epidermis (plant)-ANSWER-upper surfaces of a leaf, secretes a waxy cuticle that helps to reduce amount of water to evaporate from the leaf's surface, main function is protection and doesn't perform photosynthesis Cuticle-ANSWER-A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves, helps to reduce amount of water evaporated from the leafs surface Mesophyll tissue-ANSWER-The tissue in a green plant where photosynthesis takes place. Consists of palisade and spongy parenchymal tissue cells palisade mesophyll-ANSWER-Specialized to perform most of the photosynthesis in the leaf parenchymal (plant)-ANSWER-Loosely packed to form a network with open spaces which contain gasses needed to perform photosynthesis or gasses produced by it vascular bundle-ANSWER-plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue, form viens that dissect the interior of leaf at regular intervals Xylem-ANSWER-vascular tissue that carries water (vapour) upward from the roots to photosynthesis cells, dies when they form tubes Pholem-ANSWER-the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves. guard cells and stomata-ANSWER-- GUARD CELLS open STOMATA (pores in a leaf) which allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to pass.
- The stoma and guard cells help to maintain water homeostasis Transpiration-ANSWER-Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
