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Harvard LJMU Referencing Guide
When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various resources you have consulted. You need to use a recognised referencing system. This is a quick guide giving examples of resources and how to reference in the Harvard LJMU style. Please note: you should always check with your programme leader, module handbook or school the preferred referencing style to be used. Quick access: press Ctrl and right click on the title in the table of contents to the jump to the example in the guide. If you can’t find what you are looking for here on the contents page, you may be able to find it by pressing Ctrl and F on your keyboard to call up the Find box and typing in the word or phrase you are looking for Section One: Why Reference? ............................................................................................................. 7 When do you need to give a reference? ..................................................................................................................... 7 Why should you reference? ........................................................................................................................................ 7 When do you not need to give a reference? ............................................................................................................... 7 Is there a difference between a bibliography and a list of references? ....................................................................... 8 Section Two: Quotations and Paraphrasing ........................................................................................ 8 General Points about Quotations ............................................................................................................................... 8 Short quotations......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Long quotations .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Quotes: webpages/websites ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Quotes: audio/visual materials.................................................................................................................................. 10 Author quoting another person (Secondary Reference) .............................................................................................. 10 Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Section One: Why Reference?
When writing up an assignment it is important that you provide details of the various resources you have consulted. You need to use a recognised referencing system. The Harvard system is the one used most frequently here at LJMU and this guide will help you learn how it works. There is also an online tutorial in the Skills@LJMU area of the LJMU Library website: https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/microsites/library/skills-ljmu When do you need to give a reference? if you quote the exact words of another author if you paraphrase or summarise a passage by another author if you use an idea or material based directly on the work of another author Why should you reference? it enables you to find easily an item you have consulted previously it allows you to pass on to a friend or colleague details of an item that you have consulted, secure in the knowledge that he/she will be able to trace it easily it helps the reader understand how you have reached your conclusions to avoid accusations of plagiarism it enables you to identify the sources of quotations Referencing involves inserting brief details, usually the item’s author’s last name and year of publication within round brackets, e.g. (Neville, 2009) or Neville (2009), at the appropriate point in your text and full details of the item in a reference list at the end of your work. The entry in the reference list for Neville’s book would be: Neville, C. (2009) How to improve your assignment results. Maidenhead: Open University Press Before submitting an assignment, check that your reference list includes accurate and full details of all the items you refer to in the assignment. When do you not need to give a reference? In all academic and professional fields some ideas are regarded as “common knowledge” and do not need to be referenced. Pears and Shields define common knowledge as “facts, dates, events and information that are expected to be known by someone studying or working in a particular field” (2010, p.2). They suggest that students who are unsure whether “the material you want to use in your assignment constitutes common knowledge, … need to ask … the following questions: Did I know this information before I started my course? Did this information/idea come from my own brain?
If the answer to either or both of the questions is “No”, then the information is not common knowledge. In these cases you need to cite and reference your source(s)” (2010, p.3). Is there a difference between a bibliography and a list of references? Some people use these terms synonymously. However, according to the British Standards Institution: “A bibliography identifies books and articles relevant to the text; it is not restricted to items cited in the text... A list of references is confined to publications cited in the text” (BSI, 2000, p.16). Some terms you may come across: Bibliography: a list of sources you have consulted during your research Citation: an in-text reference to an author/source Direct Quotation : the actual words used by the author – exact starting page number is required in the citation Ellipsis: using 3 dots within a quotation to show there are missing/omitted words Et al : Latin for “and others” this is used in citations to items by more than three authors Ibid: means “as mentioned directly above”. You can use it when you are citing an author for a second time, if you have not cited another item in between. Indirect Quotation : paraphrasing or altering slightly an author’s words Op.cit: means “work already cited in a different part of the text” and is not used in Harvard system. Paraphrasing : altering an author’s words to your own, you must cite the original source but page numbers are not required Reference List: list of sources you have referred to in your assignment Sic: between square brackets, i.e. [sic] after a quotation indicates that any spelling mistakes or grammatical errors are not yours
Section Two: Quotations and Paraphrasing
General Points about Quotations A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. Before including a quotation, consider whether it is relevant. It is important that a quotation is easily identifiable as such and accompanied by a page number. Page numbers for quotes can be presented in a number of different ways, using a comma after the year or a colon, for example: Titmuss (1958, p.51) or Titmuss (1958 p.51) or Titmuss (1958: 51)
Always reproduce quotations exactly , including their punctuation. You should even reproduce any spelling or grammatical errors from the original. Insert [sic] immediately afterwards to indicate that the error was made in the original and not as you were transcribing it. You may make alterations or additions to a quoted passage to help your reader's comprehension or to fit the quotation neatly into your sentence or paragraph. Enclose any words that you add in square brackets [ ] and insert three dots ... to indicate omissions. Quotes: audio/visual materials Audio/visual materials such as podcasts, YouTube videos, DVD etc, use the 24 hour clock to pinpoint the location, for example: Million Dollar Baby (2005: 00:04:30) or (Million Dollar Baby, 2005: 00:04:30) Author quoting another person (Secondary Reference) Author (year) Name of person quoting. Name of the Website [online] Available at: [Accessed: date] Cited as: Person quoting (quoted in Author, year) Robinson, J. (2011) Eric Schmidt, chairman of Google, condemns British education system. The Guardian [online], 26th August 2011 Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/26/eric-schmidt-chairman- google-education [Accessed: 18 th^ October 2016] Schmidt (quoted in Robinson, 2011 para.12) declared "I was flabbergasted to learn that today computer science isn't even taught as standard in UK schools." Paraphrasing This is when you use your own word to express an author’s words, ideas or concept. You still need to acknowledge that author with a citation but you do not need a page number, for example: Developing a natural conversational style to an interview takes time (Charmaz, 2014), so time should…. According to Addison (2010) the ability to create imaginative and original art….
Section Three: Authors
Some general points about authors If you can identify the name of a person/accredited with the creation of an item, that is who you should regard as its author. Reference authors under their last name followed by their initials (not their full name/s) and without any titles or qualifications. For example: Professor Stephen W. Hawking would be: Hawking, S.W. Cited as: Hawking (1988) or (Hawking, 1988) All the authors credited should be included in the reference and listed in the order in which they appear on the title page. References to edited publications need to include an abbreviation to identify the editor(s). For example: Edited by Geoffrey Campbell-Platt would be: Campbell-Platt, G. (ed.) Cited as: Campbell-Platt (2012) or (Campbell-Platt, 2012) If the publication has been written by an organisation or society and you can find no named person, treat the organisation/society as the author. For example: Cited as: Joseph Rowntree Foundation (201 4 ) or (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 201 4 ) One Author Cottrell, S. (2019) The study skills handbook. 5 th^ ed. London: Red Globe Press. Cited as: Cottrell (2019) or (Cottrell, 2019) Quotations should be followed by a page number, e.g. Gottfried (1983, p.45) or (Gottfried, 1983 p.45). See section 2 above for more details. Two Authors Gopee, N. and Galloway, J. ( 2017 ) Leadership and healthcare. 3rd^ ed. London: Sage. Cited as: Gopee and Galloway ( 2017 ) or (Gopee and Galloway, 2017 ) Quotations should be followed by a page number, e.g. Gopee and Galloway ( 2017 , p.89) or (Gopee and Galloway, 2017 p.89). See section 2 above for more details. Three Authors Field, K., Holden, P. and Lawlor, H. (2000) Effective subject leadership. London: Routledge Falmer. Cited as: Field, Holden and Lawlor (2000) or (Field, Holden and Lawlor, 2000)
Organisation/Society/Government Department A publication with no individual is credited as the author should be referenced using the name of the organisation/society or Government department. For example: Royal College of Nursing (2011 ) Accountability and delegation: what you need to know. London: Royal College of Nursing. If the organisation/society/department is well known by an acronym or initials, the first time you cite them use the full name followed by its abbreviated name in brackets, for example: …In its updated guidance on the topic the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2011) now recommends … If you need to refer to the organisation again, refer to it by its abbreviated name, RCN (2011) or (RCN, 2011). Use the full name of the organisation in your reference list. Quotations should be followed by a page number, e.g. Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2011, p.45) or (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2011 p.45). See section 2 above for more details. Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality You may sometimes need to withhold names in order to preserve confidentiality - such as on school or hospital placements: Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) Title of the document School (Name withheld, 2014) Name of the Policy/website Ofsted (year) Inspection under Section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: School A (Name Withheld) Same Author Different Years List works by the same author published in different years in chronological order (earliest first) in your reference list. Blume, J. (1979) It’s not the end of the world. London: Heinemann. Blume, J. (1989) Just aslLong as we’re together. London: Chivers. Blume, J. (1993) Here’s to you, Rachel Robinson. London: Heinemann. If you want to cite them together then it would be: Blume (1979; 1989; 1993) or (Blume, 1979; 1989; 1993) Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal childhoods: class, race and family life. London: University of California Press.
Lareau, A. (2015) Cultural knowledge and social inequality. Behaviour Modification, v.39 (1), pp.1- 27 Cited at the same time: Lareau (2003; 2015) or (Lareau, 2003; 2015) Same Author Same Year If you refer to more than one work by an author published in the same year, add a lower case letter in alphabetical order to the references after the year to differentiate between them. Capel, S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 4th ed. Abington: Routledge. Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 3rd^ ed. Abington: Routledge. Cited as: Capel (2010a) or (Capel, 2010a) (Capel, 2010b) or (Capel, 2010b) Cited at the same time: Capel (2010a; 2010b) or (Capel, 2010a; 2010b) Quotes need a page number see section 2 for more details. e.g. Capel (2010a, p.25) or (Capel, 2010a p.25) To cite more than one source by the same author at the same point in your text, put them in chronological order – earliest first. Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal childhoods: class, race and family life. London: University of California Press. Lareau, A. (2015) Cultural knowledge and social inequality. Behaviour Modification, v.39 (1), pp.1- 27 Cited as: Lareau (2003; 2015) or (Lareau, 2003; 2015) Same Last Name and Year Different Authors If you are referring to items by different authors with the same last name published in the same year include their initial to distinguish between them, for example (M. Smith, 2009) and (V. Smith, 2009) (P. Burgess, 2020) and (L. Burgess, 2020) Citing in the text: According to P. Burgess (2020)….. ….. it was claimed (P. Burgess, 2020)…..
Radford, Bosanquet, Webster and Blatchford (2015 cited in Bowles, Radford and Bakopoulou, 2018 , p.42) or (Radford, Bosanquet, Webster and Blatchford, 2015 cited in Bowles, Radford and Bakopoulou, 2018 p. 42 )
Section Four: Compiling a Reference List
A reference list normally consists of full details of all the items you have referred to/cited in your text. It is one list, A-A by author’s last name regardless of whether they are references to books, journal articles or other items. A short sample reference list Capel, S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 4th ed. Abingdon: Routledge. Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 3 rd^ ed. Abingdon: Routledge. Department for Education (2010) Children and young people [online] Available at: http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople [Accessed: 19 th^ February 2021] Edwards, C.P., Gandini, L. and Forman, G.E. (2012) The hundred languages of children: the Reggio Emilia experience in transformation. 3 rd^ ed. Santa Barbara: Praeger. Locke, J. (2007) An essay concerning human understanding. Book II: ideas (original published 1690: amended and updated by Jonathan Bennett) [online] Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1690book2.pdf [Accessed: 22 nd^ January 2021] Parkinson, L. and Bebbington, M. (2012) David Cameron should give PE teachers a sporting chance. The Guardian Teacher’s Blog [blog], 9 th^ August 2012 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/teacher-network/2012/aug/09/david-cameron-pe- teachers-sporting [Accessed: 10th^ January 20 21 ] Tembrioti, L. and Trangaridou, N. (2013) Reflective practice in dance: a review of the literature. Research in Dance Education [online], v. 15 (1), pp.4- 22 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2013. [Accessed: 4th April 2021] UNICEF (2007) Article 28 [online video] Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo0aYvx7xk&feature=relmfu
[Accessed: 19th^ April 2020 ] Notes on the above list References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of publication Page numbers are only included in reference list entries for journal articles, conference papers, edited book chapters and essays Check that you have included in your reference list full and accurate details of all the items you have referred to in your assignment
Section Five: A-Z list of sample references
Abbreviating/Abbreviations If the organisation/government department/society is well known by an acronym or its initials, use the full name the first time you refer to them in your text followed by its abbreviated name in brackets, for example: Department for Education (DfE) (2018) or (Department for Education (DfE), 2018) When you refer to them again you can use the abbreviated name: DfE (2018) or (DfE, 2018) In its updated guidance on the topic the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (201 9 ) now recommends … Use the full name of the organisation in your reference list. Quotations should be followed by a page number, e.g. Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2019, p.45) or (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 201 9 p.45). See section 2 above for more details. Acts of Parliament Title of the Act [online] Available at: [Accessed: date] Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents [Accessed: 29th^ March 201 9 ] Cited by the title of the act, e.g. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Police Act 1997: Chapter 50. London: The Stationery Office
[Accessed: date] Liverpool Empire (2012) ‘Cinderella’ [advertisement] Liverpool Echo. Thursday October 4, 2012. p. 19 Amended or Updated old texts Because the text has been changed or altered, use the current date and acknowledge the original year of publication after the title: Locke, J. (2007) An essay concerning human understanding. Book II: ideas (original published 1690: amended and updated by Jonathan Bennett) [online] Available at: [Accessed: date] Cited as: Locke (2007) or (Locke, 2007) Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality You may sometimes need to withhold names in order to preserve confidentiality - such as on school or hospital placements: Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) Title of the document Cited as: Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) or (Hospital A, name withheld, 2021) School A (Name withheld, 2014) Name of document/website Ofsted (year) Inspection under Section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: School A (Name Withheld) Apps The author would be the name of the Company who created the app. Author (year) Title of the App [app] Available at: [Accessed: date] Authors If you can identify the name of a person or persons accredited with the creation of the source then that would be your author. Reference authors using their last name and their initials, no titles or qualifications are used. For example: Professor Stephen W. Hawking would be: Hawking, S.W.
Cited as: Hawking (1988) or (Hawking, 1988) MELANIE M. DOMENECH RODRÍGUEZ PH.D., MELISSA R. DONOVICK M.S., SUSAN L. CROWLEY PH.D. would be: Domenech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley Cited as: Domenech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley (2009) or (Domenech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley, 2009) All the authors accredited should be included in the reference in the order they appear on the title page. Publications by an editor need to have an abbreviation to signify this in the reference list. For example: Edited by Geoffrey Campbell-Platt would be: Campbell-Platt, G. (ed.) Cited as: Campbell-Platt (2012) or (Campbell-Platt, 2012) For publications been written by an organisation or society, with no named person, you should use the organisation/society as the author. For example: Joseph Rowntree Foundation Cited as: Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2018) or (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2018) See section three for more details. Blogs Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title [blog], Blog posting date. Available at: [Accessed: date] Berry, I. (2011 ) Art of the week [blog], 18th April 2011. Available at: http://www.artinliverpool.com/blog/ [Accessed: 19th^ April 2019] Cited in the body of your assignment as: (Berry, 2011) or Berry (2011) Quotations: you can use a paragraph or line number to pinpoint the location: (Berry, 2011 para.3) or Berry ( 2011 , para.3) (Berry, 2011 line 24) or Berry ( 2011 , line 24) Newspaper blogs Parkinson, L. and Bebbington, M. (2012) David Cameron should give PE teachers a sporting chance. The Guardian Teacher’s Blog [blog], 9 th^ August 2012 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/teacher-network/2012/aug/09/david-cameron-pe- teachers-sporting [Accessed: 10th^ January 20 21 ] Cited as: Bebbington and Parkinson (2012) or (Bebbington and Parkinson, 2012)
