Harvard Referencing: A Comprehensive Guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Art

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WHO created it?

WHEN was it published?

WHAT is it called?

HOW can it be found?

EXAMPLES

Printed items Books (^) Author(s) Year of publication Title of the book (in italics)

Place of publication & Name of publisher

Ridley, D., 2012. The literature review: a step-by-step guide for

students. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.

Author(s) Year of publication

Article title. Journal title (in italics)

Volume, issue numbers & page numbers

Keitsch, M., 2012. Sustainable architecture: design and

housing. Sustainable Development, 20(3), pp.141-145.

Electronic items

E-books Author(s) Year of publication

Title of the book (in italics) followed by [e-book]

Place of publication, name of publisher, the full web address (URL) of the webpage used and the date accessed

Parboteeah, K.P. and Cullen, J.B., 2013. Business ethics. [e-

book] Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. Available through: ARU

Library website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 8 August

2019 ].

E-journal articles Author(s)^ Year of publication

Article title. Journal title (in italics) followed by [e-journal]

Volume & issue numbers and page numbers, website name & address, and the date accessed

Zorach, R., 2012. Regarding art and art history. The Art Bulletin,

[e-journal] 94(4), pp.23-28. Available through: ARU Library

website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 8 August 201 9 ].

Author(s) (^) Year of publication

Article title. Journal title (in italics) followed by [e-journal]

Volume and issue number of journal and page numbers, followed by DOI

Goodall, A.H., 2006. Should top universities be led by top

researchers and are they?: A citations analysis. Journal of

Documentation, [e-journal] 62(3), pp.388 - 411.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410610666529.

Websites

Year of publication

• when was the information updated?

Title of the webpage (in italics) followed by [online]

The full web address (URL) of the webpage used and the date accessed

V&A Museum, 2015. Introduction to English embroidery.

[online] Available at: <http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/

articles/i/english-embroidery-introduction/> [Accessed 8

August 201 9 ].

PDFs

Author(s) - this could be an organisation

Year of publication

Title of the document (in italics) followed by [pdf]

The full web address (URL) of the webpage used and the date accessed

Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 201 8. The code:

professional standards of practice and behaviour for

nurses, midwives and nursing associates. [pdf] Available at:

<www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-

publications/nmc-code.pdf> [Accessed 8 August 201 9 ].

The full Guide to Harvard Referencing (Version 6.1) is available via the University Library website: library.aru.ac.uk/referencing October 2019

Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing

Author(s) - this could be an organisation

E-journal articles with DOIs

Journal articles

Turn over for the Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing version 6.

What is in-text referencing?

Adding in-text referencing into your work

Direct —this is where you are mentioning the authorship in your sentence, so you need to add the date, in brackets, after their family name, e.g. Greenbaum (1998)

Indirect —this is where you add both the author and date in brackets when you are mentioning the information you got from this source, e.g. (Shaw, 2017)

For a quotation , add quote marks around the phrase and include the author, year and page reference at the end, e.g. “verbal and observational data” (Stewart and Shamdasani, 2015, p.15)

Where there are 4 or more authors , include them all in the full reference, but just write the first one in the in-text reference followed by et al., e.g. (Bloor, et al., 2001)

Secondary referencing— only use this if you cannot access the original authors work, put the details of where you read about the person’s ideas, e.g. (Denscombe, 1946 cited in Merton and Kendall, 2010 )

...Another way to find out people’s views - is to use focus groups. This method was developed by Lazarsfeld and Merton in the 1940s (Bloor, et al., 2001). Merton (1987) found an established practice of 12 people being used to assess radio programmes. Together, Lazarsfeld and Merton developed the idea of a focused interview, and with others devised a set of standardized procedures (Denscombe, 1946 cited in Merton and Kendall, 2010). The ideas were largely forgotten until the 1960s, when Tom Greenbaum (1998) working for Proctor and Gamble, resurrected the idea. They found the benefit of focus groups are they generate “verbal and observational data” (Stewart and Shamdasani, 2015, p.15). To help keep the conversation relevant it was found that it was important to have a good moderator to run the focus group. Current guidance will also emphasis that if this is a work based group it is important not to include both supervisors and subordinates into the same group (HSE, 2018).

Notice the names and dates included in the text?

These refer to specific sources of information used to compile this

assignment.

For an in-text reference - just add the author of the source of information

and the year it was made available on the web or published as a

document.

For each source you use in an assignment ensure you record the 5 key

elements which are needed for a reference.

• Authorship
• Year
• Title of item
• Format
• Where to find it again

Your reference list should look like this and be in alphabetical order by author. Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K., 2001. Focus Groups in Social Research. London: Sage.

Greenbaum, T., 1998. Handbook for Focus Groups. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2018. How to organise focus groups. [pdf] Available at:http://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/standards/pdfs/focusgroups.pdf [Accessed 21 June 201 9 ]. Merton, R., 1987. Focus interviews and focus groups: continuities and discontinuities. Public Opinion Quarterly , 51(1), pp.550-557.

Merton, R. and Kendall P., 2010. The focused interview. American Journal of Sociology, [e-journal] 51, pp.541-557. Available through: ARU Library website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 20 June 2018]. Stewart, D. W. and Shamadasani, P. N ., 2015. Focus Groups: Theory and Prac- tice. 3rd ed. [e-book] Available through: ARU Library website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 20 June 2018].

Here is an example essay on Focus Groups containing in-text references

Harvard Referencing: the basics