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HESI A2 2026 PRACTICE TEST SOLVED
RESPONSES
โ What is a tissue? Answer: A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function. โ What are the fundamental tissues? Answer: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve (Elephants Can Make News) โ What is the function of epithelial cells? Answer: Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs. โ What is the function of connective tissue? Answer: Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs. โ What is neuroglia? Answer: The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue.
โ What ability does muscle tissue have? Answer: Ability to contract and shorten. โ What is muscle tissue classified as? Answer: Voluntary(skeletal muscles) and involuntary(smooth & cardiac) โ What is meiosis? Answer: The cell division that takes place in the gonads, i.e. the ovaries and testes. โ What two layers compose the skin? Answer: Epidermis and dermis. โ What is the epidermis? Answer: The outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells. โ What is the dermis? Answer: The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin tissues. โ What are the layers of the epidermis? Answer: Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Germivatum ( basale & spinosum) Mnemonic: Candy Lions Growl Great.
โ What are sebaceous glands prone to during adolescence? Answer: Becoming clogged and attracting bacteria. โ What protein composes the hair and skin? Answer: Keratin โ What makes the body's framework? Answer: Bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints. โ What are the functions of the skeletal system? Answer: Support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage. A MIME BATHED SEALS SINGING "MY PONY" โ How are bones classified? Answer: By shape. Long Short flat irregular sesamoid LEMURS SING SALSA FOR INDIANS โ What is the name for the cells that compose compact bone? Answer: Osteoblasts
โ What occurs to osteoblasts when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix? Answer: They stop dividing but continue to maintain body tissues as osteocytes. โ How many bones make up the axial skeleton? Answer: 28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium. โ How many bones make the facial skeleton? Answer: 2 nasal bones 2 maxillary bones 2 zygomatic bones 1 mandible 2 palatine bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 2 inferior nasal bones โ What are the bones of the cranium? Answer: single occipital frontal ethmoid sphenoid paired parietal
โ What makes up the appendicular skeleton? Answer: the bones of the girdle and limbs โ What bones make the upper appendicular skeleton? Answer: pectoral & shoulder girdle clavicle scapula upper extremities โ What are the bones of the arm? Answer: Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals (wrist bones) Metacarpals (hand bones) phalanges (finger bones) โ What bones make the lower part of the appendicular skeleton? Answer: The pelvic girdle or os coxae โ What bones make the os coxae? Answer: fused ilium ischium
pubis โ What bones make up the lower extremities? Answer: femur tibia fibula tarsals (ankle bones) metatarsals (foot bones) phalanges (toe bones) โ How do muscles make movement? Answer: Contraction in response to nervous stimulation. โ What occurs in muscle fibers during contraction? Answer: Myosin & actin filaments slide together. โ What structures make up muscle cells? Answer: Myofibrils made up of sarcomeres. โ What must be present for a muscle cell to contract? Answer: Calcium and ATP
โ How are muscles classified? Answer: According to the movements they elicit โ What are the two classifications of muscles? Answer: Flexors and extensors. โ What is the function of flexors? Answer: Reduce the angle at the joint. โ What is the function of extensors? Answer: Increase the angle at the joint. โ What is the function of an abductor muscle? Answer: Draw a limb away from the midline of the body. โ What is the function of adductors? Answer: Return the limb back toward the body. โ What makes up the nervous system? Answer: The brain, spinal cord & nerves. โ What are the functional units of the nervous system? Answer: The neuron.
โ What are the main parts of the neuron? Answer: Cell body Axon Dendrites โ What is the function of the dendrites? Answer: Transmit impulses toward the cell body โ What is the function of the axon? Answer: Transmit impulses away from the body โ What two systems make up the nervous system? Answer: CNS- Central nervous system PNS-Peripheral nervous system โ What makes up the PNS? Answer: All the nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS. โ What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons? Answer: Transmit information to and from the CNS. โ What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? Answer: Transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs.
โ What is the function of the endocrine system? Answer: Assist the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation. โ Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? Answer: The hypothalamus and pituitary gland โ What does the hypothalamus govern? Answer: The pituitary gland and is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. โ Which has more long-lasting effects on the body, the endocrine or the nervous system? Answer: The endocrine system โ What are hormones? Answer: Chemical messengers controlling growth, differentiation & metabolism of cells. โ What are the two major groups of hormones? Answer: Steroid and nonsteroid โ What is the effect of steroid hormones? Answer: Enter the cell and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus. โ What is the function of some nonsteroid hormones? Answer: Serve as protein hormones.
โ What is the function of protein hormones? Answer: Stay at the cell surface and act through second messenger. โ What is the usual second messenger used by protein hormones? Answer: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) โ How do hormones affect cell activity? Answer: Alters the rate of protein synthesis. โ Which gland is considered the "master gland"? Answer: The pituitary gland โ Where is the pituitary gland located? Answer: Attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum. โ What are the two major portions of the pituitary gland? Answer: Anterior lobe-adenohypophysis Posterior lobe-neurohypophysis โ Why are the hormones of the adenohypophysis called tropic hormones? Answer: Because they act mainly on other endocrine glands.
โ What are some important endocrine glands? Answer: Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenals Pancreas Gonads (ovaries & testes) โ What materials make up the blood? Answer: 55% plasma 45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. โ Where are all the elements in blood formed? Answer: Red bone marrow. โ What are erythrocytes transformed for? Answer: The transport of O2. โ What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes? Answer: The pigmented protein hemoglobin. โ How are the five types of leukocytes distinguished? Answer: Size Appearance of nucleus Staining properties Presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules
โ Which white blood cells are active in phagocytosis? Answer: Neutrophils and monocytes โ Which white blood cells make antibodies? Answer: Lymphocytes โ In which process are platelets active? Answer: Blood clotting โ What is the function of blood? Answer: O2 transport Carry CO2 and metabolic waste away โ What is found in 10% of plasma? Answer: Proteins Ions Nutrients Waste products Hormones All these dissolve or suspend in H2O. โ What is the function of the heart? Answer: Sends blood to lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit.
โ What is a cardiac cycle? Answer: The period from the end of the next ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. โ What is the name for the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle? Answer: Systole โ What is the name for the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle? Answer: Diastole โ What structures are included in the vascular system? Answer: ateries veins capillaries โ Where do arteries carry blood? Answer: Toward the heart โ Where do veins carry blood? Answer: Away from the heart โ What occurs in the capillaries? Answer: Blood and surrounding tissues exchange water, nutrients, and waste products. โ Where do the systemic arteries begin? Answer: With the aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body
โ What happens to arteries as the go further from the heart? Answer: They become thinner โ What is the name for the smallest arteries? Answer: Arterioles โ What are the names of the veins parallel to the arteries? Answer: Carry the same name as the arteries โ Which are the largest veins? Answer: Superior and inferior venae cavae โ How is the structure of the walls of arteries? Answer: Thick and elastic in order to carry blood under high pressure โ What are causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation? Answer: The contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls. โ What does the contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial walls influence? Answer: Blood pressure and blood distribution to tissues โ How is the structure of the veins in comparison to the structure of arteries? Answer: Thinner and less elastic, as they carry blood under lower pressure
