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Histogram - Lecture - Production Management, Lecture notes of Production Planning and Control

Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityProduction Planning and Control

Detail Summery about Histograms, Visual Presentation , Presentation of data in a Bar Chart form, Constructing a Histogram,Example.

Typology: Lecture notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 09/07/2011

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Rajesh Dhake
Histograms
•Visual Presentation of a lot of data that are
difficult to interpret in tabular form
•Presentation of data in a Bar Chart form
•Shows centering, variation and shape
•Illustrates the underlying distribution of the data
•Used to graphically represent groups of data
•Provides useful information for predicting future
performance
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Download Histogram - Lecture - Production Management and more Lecture notes Production Planning and Control in PDF only on Docsity!

Rajesh Dhake

Histograms

  • Visual Presentation of a lot of data that are

difficult to interpret in tabular form

  • Presentation of data in a Bar Chart form
  • Shows centering, variation and shape
  • Illustrates the underlying distribution of the data
  • Used to graphically represent groups of data
  • Provides useful information for predicting future

performance

Rajesh Dhake

Step 1. Collect data and place it in a “Table”

Example1 : Pizza Shop

  • Let’s say the owner of pizza shop wants a distribution of Thursday Night’s Pizza Sales Data Set from last Thursday (Slices)

0 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 1 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 4

Rajesh Dhake

Example 1: Pizza Shop

Step 4. Calculate number of “Intervals” or “Cells”

into which data can be split

Use of Standard Table of Numbers N (# of Data Points) < 30 30- 50- 100-

(# of Intervals) Try Scatter Diagram 6- 8- 11-

As per table value, # of intervals should be between 11 & However, the range is 7 Hence, # of intervals is taken as 7 (least of the two)

In our example: No. of data points: 124

Rajesh Dhake

Use following formula:

where, n: number of data values (number of observations) k: number of classes/intervals

Step 4. Alternative Rule to calculate no. of “Intervals”

or “Cells” into which data can be split

2 k^ >= n

k >= log n / log 2

No. of Observations No. of Classes/Intervals 9 to 16 4 17 to 32 5 33 to 64 6 65 to 128 7 129 to 256 8

Rajesh Dhake

33

65

8 12 0 0 1 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Slices of Pizza (Frequency)

Times Ordered (Interval)

Step 7. Draw the “Histogram”

Example 1: Pizza Shop

Rajesh Dhake

How is this helpful to Pizza Shop?

  • 2 slices of pizza most common order placed
  • Distribution of sales useful for forecasting next

Thursday’s late night demand

Example 1: Pizza Shop