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HOSA 2025 - Human Growth and Development: Theories of Development 16%| Actual Exam questions and correct answers Growth increase of physical size Development progressive acquisation of skills and the capasity to function Maturation skills and potential that are independent of practice emerge - full development of a skill Cephalocaudal growth and development beginning at the head of an individual and progressing towards the feed Proximodistal growth and development from the contre of the body towards the extermities Assumptions gd occurs in an orderly pattern (holding head before sitting), continuous process of growth spurts and slow/steady growth (fast as child, slow as adolecent), rates are different per individual, affect all body systems, total process to affect a person mentally, physically and socially Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud: Conscious experience within our immediate awareness, based on reality and logic Sigmund Freud: Preconscious/Subconscious
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Growth increase of physical size Development progressive acquisation of skills and the capasity to function Maturation skills and potential that are independent of practice emerge - full development of a skill Cephalocaudal
growth and development beginning at the head of an individual and progressing towards the feed Proximodistal growth and development from the contre of the body towards the extermities Assumptions gd occurs in an orderly pattern (holding head before sitting), continuous process of growth spurts and slow/steady growth (fast as child, slow as adolecent), rates are different per individual, affect all body systems, total process to affect a person mentally, physically and socially Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis
development of ego to control, punish and dictate right from wrong Freud: Defense Mechanism Helps to cope with anxiety, overuse inhibits personal growth and satisfaction Suppression Conscious Level to not focus on stressing factors Rationalization Used by all ages to justify or excuse undesirable actions or feelings Identification children use to identify sexual roles, take on personality traits of other person held in high esteem Sublimation
positive where individual channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable outlets Regression individuals facing conflict return to an earlier, more developmentally secure stage Denial Unconscious level, unable to recognize the event or emotional surrounding Displacement transfers emotions associated with a person or object to another less threatening person Projection
infants mouth is source of comfort and pleasure Anal Stage (1-3 year) pleasure is between mouth and organs, defecation is satisfying and pleasurable, toilet training is experienced Phallic Stage (3-6 year) pleasurable and conflicting feelings with genitals - oedipus and electra complex Oedipus Complex young boy is unconsciously attracted to his mother Electra Complex young girl is attracted to her father Latency Stage (6-12 year)
sexual urges inactive and channeled to more socially appropriate means of expression Genital Stage (puberty) onset of puberty to begin reproduction, struggles with desires for independence and parental supervision Erik Erikson Psychosocial Theory Studied children in large social settings, each stage has certain critical tasks, success of each task = independence and feeling good about yourself Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 month) child needs attention and dependency to meet needs which leads to trust in people and environment
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-30 year) goal: establish healthy relationship using skills from family members, person needs to fully commit to another person Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-65 year) focuses of leadership, productivity and concern for future generations, stagnation is when a person is unconcerned with welfare of others and preoccupied by themselves Ego Integrity vs Despair (65+ year) Life experience is reviewed, ego integrity is achieved if person can accept past choices Jean Piaget: Cognitive Theory
How individuals develop thought processes and intellect, intelligence was an innate ability and developed as the child adapted to its environment Schema patterns of organized ideas that grow with a child's experience Assimilation ability to absorb new information into new schemas Accomodation when information can't be assimilated into existing schemas so they merge and file with new information Sensorimotor (birth to 2 year)
Child can think logically, hypothetically and abstractly with scientific reasoning and problem-solving Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Expanding on Piaget's theory, child develops moral reasoning and the ability to think logically, had male-only participants and criticized by Carol Gilligan Level 1: Preconventional Thinking (4-10 year) Child learns reasoning through demand of parents and right from wrong through punishment avoidance Level 2: Conventional Thinking (10-13 year) seek approval from society and influenced by external forces Level 3: Postconventional Thinking (post adolecence)
Develop own moral codes based on own principles instead of external forces Gilligan's Beliefs female moral development is different from, not inferior to male, female develop mortality of caring and responsibility (more concerned about relationships and intimacy) Gilligan: Preconventional child is mainly selfish and dominated by survival goals, responsibility comes with development Gilligan: Conventional child sees sacrifices for goodness and places more interest in relationships
Identified three levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional with orderly/progression of sequences, one doesn't attain highest level of moral reasoning Gillingham Summary Proposed moral theory with female perspective Defense mechanism Summary used at all stages of life to cope with anxiety Erikson Summary Developed theory of psychosocial development across human lifespan, and characteristics of eight stages Piaget Summary
focused on cognitive development with three concepts: schema, assimilation and accommodation which proceed in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational Freud summary Five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
