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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION BY ELAINE N MARIEB EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
TESTED CHAPTERS 1 THROUGH 16
⩥ physiology. Answer: the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function ⩥ subatomic particles. Answer: particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, & electrons); first structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ atoms. Answer: the basic unit of matter; second structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ molecules. Answer: atoms that bind together form this; third structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ macromolecules. Answer: small molecules that combine to form larger molecules are called this; fourth structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ organelles. Answer: cell structures that are composed of macromolecules; fifth structure in the levels of organization in the body
⩥ cell. Answer: the basic unit of structure and function of life, composed of organelles & organic molecules; sixth structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ tissues. Answer: specialized group of cells that are organized into layers or masses that have specific functions; seventh structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ organs. Answer: complex structures with specialized functions that are composed of groups of different tissues; eighth structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ organ systems. Answer: groups of organs that function closely together; ninth structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ organism. Answer: what interacting organ systems make up; tenth structure in the levels of organization in the body ⩥ metabolism. Answer: physical and chemical processes that occur in the body that release and utilize energy; necessary for life ⩥ movement. Answer: a change in position of the body or of a body part, the motion of an internal organ; a characteristic of life
⩥ excretion. Answer: the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions; a characteristic of life ⩥ water. Answer: the most abundant substance in the body that is essential for metabolic process; a requirement for an organism ⩥ food. Answer: substances that provide organisms with nutrients for building new living matter; a requirement for an organism ⩥ oxygen. Answer: gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air that is necessary for the release of energy; a requirement for an organism ⩥ heat. Answer: a form of energy that is present in our environment that governs the rate of chemical reactions; a requirement for an organism ⩥ temperature. Answer: a measure of the amount of heat present ⩥ pressure. Answer: an application of force on an object or substance; a requirement for an organism ⩥ atmospheric pressure. Answer: the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air
⩥ hydrostatic pressure. Answer: a pressure exerted by a liquid due to the weight of water above them ⩥ extracellular fluid. Answer: fluid present outside the cells ⩥ intracellular fluid. Answer: fluid presents inside the cells ⩥ internal environment. Answer: conditions within the fluids surrounding the body cells ⩥ homeostasis. Answer: the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment ⩥ homeostatic mechanisms. Answer: self-regulating control systems in the body that maintains homeostasis ⩥ receptors. Answer: provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus - when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms ⩥ control center. Answer: includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms
⩥ spinal cavity. Answer: aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae ⩥ thoracic cavity. Answer: the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart ⩥ abdominal cavity. Answer: the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines ⩥ pelvic cavity. Answer: the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine ⩥ abdominopelvic cavity. Answer: both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine ⩥ diaphragm. Answer: a broad, thin muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity ⩥ mediastinum. Answer: the part of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that separates them; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus ⩥ oral cavity. Answer: cavity that contains the teeth and tongue
⩥ nasal cavity. Answer: cavity located within the nose and divided into right & left portions by a nasal septum, contains the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses ⩥ orbital cavities. Answer: cavities that contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves ⩥ middle ear cavities. Answer: cavities that contain the middle ear bones ⩥ parietal serous membranes. Answer: line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes ⩥ visceral serous membranes. Answer: cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes ⩥ serous fluid. Answer: fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction ⩥ pleural membranes. Answer: parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs ⩥ pericardial membranes. Answer: parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface
⩥ muscular system. Answer: [1] system that includes all the muscles of the body [2] moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat ⩥ nervous system. Answer: [1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs [2] receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond ⩥ endocrine system. Answer: [1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones [2] hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues [3] includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, & thymus ⩥ digestive system. Answer: [1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed [2] includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine ⩥ respiratory system. Answer: [1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air [2] includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs
⩥ cardiovascular system. Answer: [1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts [2] blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes ⩥ lymphatic system. Answer: [1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen [2] transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs [3] lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing agents ⩥ urinary system. Answer: [1] system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra [2] filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance ⩥ reproductive system. Answer: [1] system that enables an organism to reproduce [2] male: includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vsicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells [3] femal: includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells
⩥ proximal. Answer: describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part ⩥ distal. Answer: describes a part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part ⩥ superficial. Answer: means situated near the surface ⩥ peripheral. Answer: means outward or near the surface ⩥ deep. Answer: describes parts that are more internal ⩥ sagittal. Answer: refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body intro right & left portions ⩥ midsagittal. Answer: term that refers to the midline, the line that divides the body into equal parts ⩥ transverse. Answer: horizontal, refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
⩥ coronal. Answer: frontal, refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions ⩥ cross section. Answer: a cut across the structure ⩥ oblique section. Answer: an angular cut of a structure ⩥ longitudinal section. Answer: a lengthwise cut of a structure ⩥ acromial. Answer: point of the shoulder ⩥ antebrachial. Answer: forearm ⩥ antecubital. Answer: space in front of the elbow ⩥ axillary. Answer: armpit ⩥ brachial. Answer: arm ⩥ buccal. Answer: cheek ⩥ carpal. Answer: wrist
⩥ genitals. Answer: reproductive organs ⩥ gluteal. Answer: buttocks ⩥ inguinal. Answer: depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin) ⩥ lumbar. Answer: region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin) ⩥ mammary. Answer: breast ⩥ mental. Answer: chin ⩥ nasal. Answer: nose ⩥ occipital. Answer: lower posterior region of the head ⩥ oral. Answer: mouth ⩥ orbital. Answer: eye cavity
⩥ otic. Answer: ear ⩥ palmar. Answer: palm of the hand ⩥ patellar. Answer: front of the knee ⩥ pectoral. Answer: chest ⩥ pedal. Answer: foot ⩥ pelvic. Answer: pelvis ⩥ perineal. Answer: region between the anus and the external reproductive organs ⩥ plantar. Answer: sole of the foot ⩥ popliteal. Answer: area behind the knee ⩥ sacral. Answer: posterior region between the hipbones
