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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION BY ELAINE N MARIEB
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 CHAPTERS 1
THROUGH 16 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
⩥ Inferior (caudal). Answer: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below ⩥ Ventral (anterior). Answer: toward or at the front of the body; in front of ⩥ Dorsal (posterior). Answer: Toward or at the back of the body; behind ⩥ Medial. Answer: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of ⩥ Lateral. Answer: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of ⩥ Intermediate. Answer: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
⩥ Proximal. Answer: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ⩥ Distal. Answer: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ⩥ Superficial. Answer: toward or at the body surface ⩥ Deep (internal). Answer: away from the body surface; more internal ⩥ Anatomical Position. Answer: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know ⩥ Directional Terms. Answer: allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another ⩥ Axial. Answer: fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. ⩥ Appendicular. Answer: fundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis. ⩥ Regional Terms. Answer: used to designate specific areas within major body divisions
⩥ Coxal. Answer: pertaining to the hip ⩥ Crural. Answer: pertaining to the leg ⩥ Digital. Answer: pertaining to the fingers or toes ⩥ Femoral. Answer: pertaining to the thigh ⩥ Fibular (peroneal). Answer: pertaining to the side of the leg ⩥ Frontal. Answer: pertaining to the forehead ⩥ Hallux. Answer: pertaining to the great toe ⩥ Inguinal. Answer: pertaining to the groin ⩥ Mammary. Answer: pertaining to the breast ⩥ Manus. Answer: pertaining to the hand ⩥ Mental. Answer: pertaining to the chin
⩥ Nasal. Answer: pertaining to the nose ⩥ Oral. Answer: pertaining to the mouth ⩥ Orbital. Answer: pertaining to the eye socket (orbit) ⩥ Palmar. Answer: pertaining to the palm of the hand ⩥ Patellar. Answer: pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region ⩥ Pedal. Answer: pertaining to the foot ⩥ Pelvic. Answer: pertaining to the pelvis region ⩥ Pollex. Answer: pertaining to the thumb ⩥ Pubic. Answer: pertaining to the genital region ⩥ Sternal. Answer: pertaining to the region of the breastbone ⩥ Tarsal. Answer: pertaining to the ankle
⩥ Plantar. Answer: pertaining to the sole of the foot ⩥ Popliteal. Answer: pertaining to the back of the knee ⩥ Sacral. Answer: pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum) ⩥ Scapular. Answer: pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area ⩥ Sural. Answer: pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg ⩥ Vertebral. Answer: pertaining to the area of the spinal column ⩥ Anterior/Ventral Body. Answer: ⩥ Posterior/Dorsal Body. Answer: ⩥ Sagittal. Answer: a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts ⩥ Median Plane (midsagittal plane). Answer: sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
⩥ Parasagittal Planes. Answer: all other sagittal planes offset from the midline ⩥ Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane). Answer: like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts ⩥ Transverse/Horizontal Plane. Answer: runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back) ⩥ Oblique Sections. Answer: cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes ⩥ Dorsal Body Cavity. Answer: protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions ⩥ Cranial Cavity. Answer: in the skull, encases the brain ⩥ Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity). Answer: runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord ⩥ Ventral Body Cavity. Answer: the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera
⩥ Serosa (Serous Membrane). Answer: the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane ⩥ Parietal Serosa. Answer: lines internal body walls ⩥ Visceral Serosa. Answer: covers the internal organs ⩥ Abdominopelvic Quadrants. Answer: Divisions used primarily by medical personnel ⩥ Abdominopelvic Regions. Answer: Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists ⩥ Umbilical region. Answer: The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus ⩥ Epigastric Region. Answer: LOcater superior to the umbilical region ⩥ Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions. Answer: located lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part of the hip bone ⩥ Right and Left Lumbar Regions. Answer: lie lateral to the umbilical region
⩥ Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions. Answer: Flank the epigastric region laterally ⩥ Oral and Digestive Cavities. Answer: aka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus. ⩥ Nasal Cavity. Answer: located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways ⩥ Orbital Cavities. Answer: in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position ⩥ Middle Ear Cavities. Answer: carved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears. ⩥ Synovial Cavities. Answer: Are joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints. Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another.
⩥ What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?. Answer: cytology (cells) and histology (tissues) ⩥ What is developmental anatomy?. Answer: Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth ⩥ What are some subdivisions of physiology?. Answer: renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels) ⩥ What is the principle of complementarity?. Answer: anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. ⩥ In what way does physiology depend of anatomy?. Answer: the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy ⩥ Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?. Answer: Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.
⩥ What are the levels of structural organization?. Answer: chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level ⩥ What does the digestive system do?. Answer: takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) ⩥ What does the respiratory system do?. Answer: takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide ⩥ What does the urinary system do?. Answer: eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions ⩥ What does the cardiovascular system do?. Answer: via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs ⩥ What does the integumentary system do?. Answer: Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals ⩥ all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs. Answer: cells
⩥ Cardiovascular system. Answer: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart ⩥ Lymphatic system/ immunity. Answer: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes ⩥ Respiratory system. Answer: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus ⩥ Digestive system. Answer: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus ⩥ Urinary system. Answer: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra ⩥ Male and female reproductive systems. Answer: Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina
⩥ What are some functions of the lymphatic system?. Answer: it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; ⩥ What are the necessary life functions?. Answer: maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth ⩥ What is metabolism?. Answer: a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities ⩥ What are the survival needs?. Answer: Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body ⩥ What is homeostasis?. Answer: the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life ⩥ What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH. Answer: Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood. ⩥ What is positive feedback examples. Answer: the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting ⩥ Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?. Answer: disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure) ⩥ the head is _______ to the abdomen. Answer: superior ⩥ the navel is ______ to the chin. Answer: inferior ⩥ the breastbone is _____ to the spine. Answer: anterior (ventral)
⩥ the heart is _____ to the breastbone. Answer: posterior (dorsal) ⩥ the heart is _____ to the arm. Answer: medial ⩥ the arms are _____ lateral to the chest. Answer: lateral ⩥ the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder. Answer: intermediate ⩥ the elbow is _______ to the wrist. Answer: proximal ⩥ the knee is ___ to the thigh. Answer: distal ⩥ the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles. Answer: superficial ⩥ the lungs are _____ to the skin. Answer: deep ⩥ What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?. Answer: Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.
