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Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
questions and answers 2025/2026 latest
update Superior (cranial) - answertoward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal) - answeraway from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;below
Ventral (anterior) - answertoward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) - answerToward or at the back of the body; behind Medial - answertoward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral - answeraway from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate - answerbetween a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal - answercloser to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk
Distal - answerfarther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk
Superficial - answertoward or at the body surface Deep (internal) - answeraway from the body surface; more internal
Anatomical Position - answererect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facingforward, internationally know
Directional Terms - answerallow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another Axial - answerfundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head,neck, and trunk.
Appendicular - answerfundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments tothe axis.
Regional Terms - answerused to designate specific areas within major body divisions Abdominal - answerpertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs Acromial - answerpertaining to the point of the shoulder Antebrachial - answerpertaining to the forearm Antecubital - answerpertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow Axillary - answerpertaining to the armpit Brachial - answerpertaining to the arm Buccal - answerpertaining to the cheek Carpal - answerPertaining to the wrist Cephalic - answerpertaining to the head
Orbital - answerpertaining to the eye socket (orbit) Palmar - answerpertaining to the palm of the hand Patellar - answerpertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region Pedal - answerpertaining to the foot Pelvic - answerpertaining to the pelvis region Pollex - answerpertaining to the thumb Pubic - answerpertaining to the genital region Sternal - answerpertaining to the region of the breastbone Tarsal - answerpertaining to the ankle Thoracic - answerpertaining to the chest Umbilical - answerpertaining to the navel Acromial - answerpertaining to the point of the shoulder Calcaneal - answerpertaining to the heel of the foot Dorsum - answerpertaining to the back Gluteal - answerpertaining to the buttocks or rump
Lumbar - answerpertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin Occipital - answerBack of the head Otic - answerpertaining to the ear Perineal - answerpertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia Plantar - answerpertaining to the sole of the foot Popliteal - answerpertaining to the back of the knee Sacral - answerpertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum) Scapular - answerpertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area Sural - answerpertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg Vertebral - answerpertaining to the area of the spinal column Anterior/Ventral Body - answer Posterior/Dorsal Body - answer Sagittal - answera vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts Median Plane (midsagittal plane) - answersagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Abdominopelvic Cavity - answerseperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscleimportant in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal Cavity - answerContains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs Pelvic Cavity - answerContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Serosa (Serous Membrane) - answerthe walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of theorgans it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane
Parietal Serosa - answerlines internal body walls Visceral Serosa - answercovers the internal organs Abdominopelvic Quadrants - answerDivisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic Regions - answerNine divisions used primarily by anatomists Umbilical region - answerThe centermost region, which includes the umbilicus Epigastric Region - answerLOcater superior to the umbilical region Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions - answerlocated lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part ofthe hip bone
Right and Left Lumbar Regions - answerlie lateral to the umbilical region Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions - answerFlank the epigastric region laterally
Oral and Digestive Cavities - answeraka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuouswith the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus.
Nasal Cavity - answerlocated within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory systempassageways
Orbital Cavities - answerin the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position Middle Ear Cavities - answercarved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones thattransmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
Synovial Cavities - answerAre joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freelymovable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints.
Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another. What is anatomy? - answerthe study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another What is physiology? - answerthe study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry outtheir life sustaining activities
What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? - answerthe study of the large body structures, visible to thenaked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys
What is regional anatomy? - answerthe study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex:abdomen or legs
What is systemic anatomy? - answerthe study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy? - answerregional, systemic, andsurface anatomy
What does the urinary system do? - answereliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions What does the cardiovascular system do? - answervia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to allbody cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs
What does the integumentary system do? - answerSkin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole fromthe external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals
all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs - answercells _____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions - answerorgan systems Integumentary system - answerForms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues frominjury - made up of hair, nails and skin
Skeletal System - answerProtects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles useto support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Muscular system - answerAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.Made up of skeletal muscles
Nervous system - answerThe fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and externalchanges by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord Endocrine system - answerGlands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis Cardiovascular system - answerBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart
Lymphatic system/ immunity - answerPicks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood,disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracicduct, spleen, and lymph nodes
Respiratory system - answerKeeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus
Digestive system - answerBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distributionto body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus Urinary system - answerEliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter,urinary bladder, and urethra
Male and female reproductive systems - answerProduction of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis,testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina
What are some functions of the lymphatic system? - answerit picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; What are the necessary life functions? - answermaintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness,digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth
What is metabolism? - answera broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within thebody includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing morecomplex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities What are the survival needs? - answerNutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx.20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause? - answerdisturbance of homeostasis increases riskof disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure) the head is _______ to the abdomen - answersuperior the navel is ______ to the chin - answerinferior the breastbone is _____ to the spine - answeranterior (ventral) the heart is _____ to the breastbone - answerposterior (dorsal) the heart is _____ to the arm - answermedial the arms are _____ lateral to the chest - answerlateral the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder - answerintermediate the elbow is _______ to the wrist - answerproximal the knee is ___ to the thigh - answerdistal the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles - answersuperficial the lungs are _____ to the skin - answerdeep What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold? - answerNegative feedbackmechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.
When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part ofa negative or a positive feedback control system? - answerthirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to thenormal range
Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it? - answerThis is apos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel. The two fundamental divisions of our body - answerAxial part - head, neck and trunk. Appendicular part-appendages or limbs
Regional terms are used to ...... - answerdesignate specific areas within major body divisions The most frequent planes - answerSagittal, Frontal, Transverse Sagittal plane - answervertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal plane - answermedian for the sagittal plane Parasagittal plane - answeroffset from the midline or midsagittal plane Frontal plane - answervertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts transverse or horizontal plane - answerhorizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior andinferior parts
oblique sections - answerare cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the verical planes What cavity is the brain in? - answercranial cavity
in the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called,,, -answerserous fluid
the _____ _____ is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval) -answerumbilical region
the _______ _____ is located superior to the umbilical region - answerepigastric region the _____ ______ is located inferior to the umbilical region - answerhypogastric region (pubic) the right and left ____ or ___ regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region - answeriliac oringuinal regions
the right and left ______ regions lie lateral to the umbilical region - answerlumbar the right and left _____ regions lie lateral to the epigastric region - answerHypochondriac what region is the liver, diaphragm and gallbladder in - answerright hypochondriac what region is the stomach, diaphragm and liver in - answerEpigastric region what region is the diaphragm in - answerleft hypochondriac what region is the ascending colon of the large intestine in - answerright lumbar region what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in - answerumbilicalregion
what region is the descending colon of the large intestine in - answerleft lumbar region
what region is the cecum and appendix in - answerright iliac region (inguinal ) what region is the urinary bladder and the small intestine in - answerhypogastric region what region is the initial part of sigmoid colon in - answerleft iliac region (inguinal) What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position? - answerTheposition in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in thisposition
The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is eachlocated? - answeraxillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder
whay type of cut would separate the brain into aterior and posterior parts? - answera frontal (coronal )section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts
joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant ofthis abdomen. what might be his problem - answerappendicitis
Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord and heart, which is /are in the dorsal body cavity? -answeronly the spinal cord
When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms yourhands. why doesnt warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs - answerAs mobile organs work fiction is greatly reduced by the presence of seours flued. seous fluidallows the surrounding serous membranes to glide easily over one another
two major cavities, - answerThe main cavities are the posterior cavity and anterior cavity (dorsal andventral)
Olecranal - answerBack of elbow
Palpatation - answerfeeling organs with your hands Ausultation - answerListening to organ sounds with a stethoscope Movement - answerIncludes all activities promoted by the muscular system Responsiveness or excitability - answerThe ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in theenvironment and then respond to them - nervous system is most involved with responsiveness
What is the opposite of medial - answerlateral (away from the midline) What is the opposite of ventral (anterior) - answerDorsal (posterior) What is the opposite of superior (cranial) - answerInferior (caudal) What is the opposite of distal - answerProximal (closer to the original of a body part of point ofattachment of a limb)
What is the opposite of superficial (external) - answerDeep (internal)
