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Human Growth and Development: Theories and Stages, Exams of Biology

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Biology

An overview of human growth and development, focusing on key theories and stages. It covers cognitive development theories such as piaget's stage theory, psychoanalytic development with thinkers like freud and erikson, and behaviorist perspectives from skinner. The document also explores historical influences, domains of development (physical, cognitive, emotional, social), and recent theoretical perspectives including information processing, developmental cognitive neuroscience, ethology, vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. It also touches on scientific research methods used in child development studies, such as systematic observation, interviews, case studies, and correlational designs, providing a comprehensive introduction to the field.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 11/10/2025

CarlyBlair
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Human Growth and Development: Module 1
Study of the Child -
Mind-Feelings-Body๎˜โ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Mind -
Cognitive Theoristsโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Jean Piaget "Stage Theorist" -
- how a child's mind is developing rationallyโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
-"Stages of Cognitive Development"
Baby's movements -
-sensory - motor stage of cognitionโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Trial and Error Approach -
Toddlersโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Adolescents -
Use logic to talk about ideasโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Feelings -
Psychoanalytic Developmentโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Psychoanalytic Development Thinkers "Stage Theorists" -
. Sigmund Freudโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
. Erik Erikson
Oral Stage -
- Mouth is busyโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
- "If baby doesn't satisfy oral needs, he may grow up to be a chain-smoker"
- Babies develop trust
- Never get loving treatment - learn to mistrust
Anal Stage -
Autonomyโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
Body -
. Arnold Gesell - Maturistโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
. B.F. Skinner - Behaviorist
B.F. Skinner -
- Behavior is learned through consequencesโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
. Repeat: Reinforcement
. Avoid: No Reinforcement
"Social-Learning Theory" -
- Modeling: why children learn the way they doโ˜‘๏ธ๎˜‚
- Children more likely to copy the models around them rather than listen to words
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Human Growth and Development: Module 1

Study of the Child -  โ˜‘๏ธ Mind-Feelings-Body Mind - โ˜‘๏ธ Cognitive Theorists Jean Piaget "Stage Theorist" - โ˜‘๏ธ - how a child's mind is developing rationally -"Stages of Cognitive Development" Baby's movements - โ˜‘๏ธ -sensory - motor stage of cognition Trial and Error Approach - โ˜‘๏ธ Toddlers Adolescents - โ˜‘๏ธ Use logic to talk about ideas Feelings - โ˜‘๏ธ Psychoanalytic Development Psychoanalytic Development Thinkers "Stage Theorists" - โ˜‘๏ธ. Sigmund Freud

. Erik Erikson Oral Stage - โ˜‘๏ธ - Mouth is busy

  • "If baby doesn't satisfy oral needs, he may grow up to be a chain-smoker"
  • Babies develop trust
  • Never get loving treatment - learn to mistrust Anal Stage - โ˜‘๏ธ Autonomy Body - โ˜‘๏ธ. Arnold Gesell - Maturist . B.F. Skinner - Behaviorist B.F. Skinner - โ˜‘๏ธ - Behavior is learned through consequences . Repeat: Reinforcement . Avoid: No Reinforcement "Social-Learning Theory" - โ˜‘๏ธ - Modeling: why children learn the way they do
  • Children more likely to copy the models around them rather than listen to words

Erikson - โ˜‘๏ธ Impact of culture on development Lev Vygotsky - โ˜‘๏ธ - impact of culture on development

  • how the mind works: children construct knowledge
  • "Power of Language" What is the field of child development? - โ˜‘๏ธ A field of study that seeks to account for the gradual evolution of the child's cognitive, social, and other capacities by first describing changes in the child's observed behaviors and then uncovering the process and strategies that underly these changes Mid 19th Century - โ˜‘๏ธ Ideas about development, evolution and progress Charles Darwin - โ˜‘๏ธ Law of Development Herbert Spencer - โ˜‘๏ธ Development of the Ideal Man Baldwin - โ˜‘๏ธ Children's Social Development
  • A dialectical process in which notions of self and other develop co-occurently toward and increased understanding of both Dewey - โ˜‘๏ธ - Development manifested through lived experience
  • Need to specify direction and ends to growth
  • An "ideal" classroom guarantees a "good society" How is child development divided into domains and periods - โ˜‘๏ธ Domains: Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social Periods (1) Pre-natal (Conception - Birth) (2) Infancy (Birth - 2 years) (3) Early Childhood (2-6) (4) Middle Childhood (6-11) (5) Adolescense (11-18) Three Issues on Which Child-Development Theories Take a Stand - โ˜‘๏ธ (1) Is development continual or discontinual? (2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many courses, influenced by contexts? (3) Nature - nurture / individual differences stable or plastic? Historical Influences of Childhood Development - โ˜‘๏ธ Medieval: Childhood separate from adult period of life Reformation: Original sin = harsh child rearing

โ˜‘๏ธ An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes behavior. explains behavior. predicts behavior. Nature - โ˜‘๏ธ Inborn, biological Based on genetic inheritance Nurture - โ˜‘๏ธ Physical and social world Influences biological and psychological development Stability - โ˜‘๏ธ Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later ages. Early experience may have a lifelong impact. Plasticity - โ˜‘๏ธ Change is possible, based on experiences. Freud's Psychosexual Stages - โ˜‘๏ธ Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Limitations of Behaviorism and Social Social Learning Theory - โ˜‘๏ธ Too narrow a view of important environmental influences Underestimates children's contributions Bandura's work is unique in that it grants children an active role in their own learning. Information Processing - โ˜‘๏ธ Human mind as symbol-manipulating system Researchers often design flowcharts to map problem-solving steps Developmental Neuroscience - โ˜‘๏ธ Uses: Identify links between cognitive and social domains of development Develop interventions for learning and behavioral problems Limitations: Too dependent on brain properties; neglects environmental influences Excessive emphasis on biological processes Ethology - โ˜‘๏ธ Concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history Roots traced to Darwin: Imprinting Critical period Sensitive period

Sensitive Period - โ˜‘๏ธ An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge Individual is especially responsive to environment Boundaries less clearly defined than a critical period Evolutionary Developmental Psychology - โ˜‘๏ธ Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies Studies cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age Expands upon ethology Wants to understand the entire organism-environment system Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - โ˜‘๏ธ Transmission of culture to new generation Beliefs, customs, skills Social interaction vital for cognitive development Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society Dynamic Systems Perspective - โ˜‘๏ธ An integrated system that guides mastery of new skills System is constantly in motion, reorganizing into more effective means Scientific Research - โ˜‘๏ธ Hypothesis: prediction drawn directly from a theory Research methods: activities of participants Research designs: overall plans for research studies Systematic Observation - โ˜‘๏ธ Naturalistic Observation In the "field" or natural environment where behavior happens Cannot control conditions Structured Observations Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior of interest All participants have equal chance to display behavior May not be typical of participants' everyday behaviors Interviews - โ˜‘๏ธ Clinical Interview Flexible, conversational style Probes for participant's point of view May not accurately represent children's thinking Structured Interview Each participant is asked same questions in the same way. May use questionnaires, get answers from groups Not as in-depth Case Study - โ˜‘๏ธ Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations, test scores Best used to study unique types of individuals May be influenced by researcher biases, and findings may not generalize