ICT - Lecture - Computer - Buss, Slides of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

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Encoding, Busses,

Ports and

Connecting

Peripherals

1

Encoding

transforming information into a form

that can be entered and retained in the

the memory system

Analog to Digital Encoding

Memory is made up of semi-conductor switches.

The position of the switch (open or closed) is

used to represent the binary numbers 0 or 1.

A single unit of memory is called a BIT and can

store 0 or 1.

Two BITS together allow 4 different binary

numbers to be stored: 00 , 01 , 10 or 11.

Eight BITS can store 256 different numbers:

00000000 through to 11111111

Memory

The Bus

7

bus - groups of wires on a circuit

board that carry information

(bits - on’s and off’s) between

computer components on a

circuit board or within the

microchip itself

Busses : Circuitry or

pathways which carry

electrical

impulses (bits)

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What travels on

the bus?

10

Information: data and

instructions

(software)

bits

on’s and off’s

Bits travel between microchips

• (^) CPU, RAM, ROM, and others
• (^) to and from expansion slots

(coming up next)

Bus

Speed

11

Bus speed- the speed in

which information (bits)

travel on a circuit board

Speed is measured in

megahertz

megahertz (MHz) - the

number of millions of beats

in one second

8 MHz - in one second, 8 million

bits travel on that bus line (lane)

Bus

Perform

ance

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Faster bus performance means

faster response for the user

Faster bus performance

• (^) faster bus speed
• (^) larger bus size

INPUT PROCESSOR OUTPUT

PERMANENT

STORAGE

The four hardware

components of a

computer system

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interface cards (interface boards

or card) - circuit boards

which have specific

functions, used to connect

peripheral devices to the

motherboard

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inserted into an expansion slot on

motherboard

17

Expansion Slots (interface slots)

• connections on the

motherboard used to insert

interface cards, in order

to connect external

devices (peripheral

devices) to the

motherboard

expansion slots are on the

motherboard

an interface card is inserted into

an expansion slot

a peripheral device is connected

to the interface card via a

special cable

Serial and Parallel

Communications

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Data/Information is transmitted

in one of two ways:

1.Single lane, one bit at a time:

Serial communications

2.multiple lanes, multiple bits at

a time:

Parallel communications

Can be anexpansion card, a

built-in port, or a type of

transmissions

Examples and

Devices

• Serial
  • (^) keyboard
  • (^) mouse
  • (^) modem
  • (^) multi-user

operating

systems and

local area

networks

(Network

Interface Cards)

• Parallel
  • (^) printer
  • (^) disk drives
  • (^) CD-ROM
  • (^) data bus

(between RAM

and CPU)

• (^) between

interface cards

and RAM (PCI)

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