Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

immunity and immunoglobulin, Summaries of Biochemistry

Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP)Biochemistry

immunity functions and main characters

Typology: Summaries

2018/2019

Uploaded on 02/09/2019

renzel-baniel
renzel-baniel ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ญ

1 document

1 / 4

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system works to keep germs out of the body and destroy any that get in. The
immune system is made up of a complex network of cells and organs that protect the body from
infection.
There are two types of immunity in humans called innate, adaptive, and passive:
Innate immunity
We are all born with some level of immunity to invaders. Human immune systems, similarly
to those of many animals, will attack foreign invaders from day one. This innate immunity
includes the external barriers of our body โ€” the first line of defense against pathogens โ€”
such as the skin and mucous membranes of the throat and gut.
This response is more general and non-specific. If the pathogen manages to dodge the innate
immune system, adaptive or acquired immunity kicks in.
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
This protect from pathogens develops as we go through life. As we are exposed to diseases or
get vaccinated, we build up a library of antibodies to different pathogens. This is sometimes
referred to as immunological memory because our immune system remembers previous
enemies.
Passive immunity
This type of immunity is "borrowed" from another source, but it does not last indefinitely.
For instance, a baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before birth
and in breast milk following birth. This passive immunity protects the baby from some
infections during the early years of their life.
MAIN CHARACTERS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
White Blood Cells
White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They circulate in the body in blood vessels and the
lymphatic vessels that parallel the veins and arteries. White blood cells are on constant patrol
and looking for pathogens. When they find a target, they begin to multiply and send signals out
to other cell types to do the same. Our white blood cells are stored in different places in the body,
which are referred to as lymphoid organs.
Lymph nodes are part of the immune system. They release lymphocytes, a certain type of white
blood cell that fights infection. The blood vessels and lymph vessels carry the lymphocytes to
and from different areas in the body. Each lymphoid organ plays a role in the production and
activation of lymphocytes.
pf3
pf4

Partial preview of the text

Download immunity and immunoglobulin and more Summaries Biochemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

IMMUNE SYSTEM

The immune system works to keep germs out of the body and destroy any that get in. The immune system is made up of a complex network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection.

There are two types of immunity in humans called innate, adaptive, and passive:

Innate immunity We are all born with some level of immunity to invaders. Human immune systems, similarly to those of many animals, will attack foreign invaders from day one. This innate immunity includes the external barriers of our body โ€” the first line of defense against pathogens โ€” such as the skin and mucous membranes of the throat and gut. This response is more general and non-specific. If the pathogen manages to dodge the innate immune system, adaptive or acquired immunity kicks in.

Adaptive (acquired) immunity This protect from pathogens develops as we go through life. As we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated, we build up a library of antibodies to different pathogens. This is sometimes referred to as immunological memory because our immune system remembers previous enemies.

Passive immunity This type of immunity is "borrowed" from another source, but it does not last indefinitely. For instance, a baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before birth and in breast milk following birth. This passive immunity protects the baby from some infections during the early years of their life.

MAIN CHARACTERS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

White Blood Cells

White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They circulate in the body in blood vessels and the lymphatic vessels that parallel the veins and arteries. White blood cells are on constant patrol and looking for pathogens. When they find a target, they begin to multiply and send signals out to other cell types to do the same. Our white blood cells are stored in different places in the body, which are referred to as lymphoid organs.

Lymph nodes are part of the immune system. They release lymphocytes, a certain type of white blood cell that fights infection. The blood vessels and lymph vessels carry the lymphocytes to and from different areas in the body. Each lymphoid organ plays a role in the production and activation of lymphocytes.

Organs in the lymph system include:

  • Adenoids. Two glands located at the back of the nasal passage.
  • Blood vessels. The arteries, veins, and capillaries through which blood flows.
  • Bone marrow. The soft, fatty tissue found inside bones where blood cells are made.
  • Lymph nodes. Small organs shaped like beans, which are located all over the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels.
  • Lymph vessels. A network of channels all over the body that carry lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream.
  • Peyer's patches. Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine.
  • Spleen. A fist-sized organ located in the left side of the belly.
  • Thymus. A small organ behind the breastbone.
  • Tonsils. Two oval masses in the back of the throat.

There are two main types of leukocyte:

  1. Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes help the body to remember previous invaders and recognize them if they come back to attack again. Lymphocytes begin their life in bone marrow. Some stay in the marrow and develop into B lymphocytes (B cells), others head to the thymus and become T lymphocytes (T cells). These two cell types have different roles:

  • B lymphocytes โ€” they produce antibodies and help alert the T lymphocytes.
  • T lymphocytes โ€” they destroy compromised cells in the body and help alert other leukocytes.
  1. Phagocytes

These cells surround and absorb pathogens and break them down, effectively eating them. There are several types, including:

  • Neutrophils โ€” these are the most common type of phagocyte and tend to attack bacteria.
  • Monocytes โ€” these are the largest type and have several roles.
  • Macrophages โ€” these patrol for pathogens and also remove dead and dying cells.
  • Mast cells โ€” they have many jobs, including helping to heal wounds and defend against pathogens.

IMMUNITY

  • They makes up approximately 13% of the serum antibodies
  • They has a half-life of about 5 days
  • Most of the IgM are pentamer and has 10 - epitope binding sites.some are momomer
  • It is the first immunoglobulin class produced in a primary response to antigen
  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA) โ€” congregates in fluids, such as tears and saliva, where it protects gateways into the body.
  • They makes up approximately 6% of the serum antibodies
  • They has a half-life of approximately 5 days
  • IgA is a dimer and has 4-epitope binding sites
  • (^) They found mainly in body secretions such as saliva,mucous,tears,colostrum and milk
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE) โ€” protects against parasites and is also to blame for allergies.
  • It was discovered by KandT Ishizaka
  • It is very low concentration in blood(17-450ng/ml)
  • It contain small percentage of Lympocytes
  • Immunoglobulin D (IgD) โ€” stays bound to B lymphocytes, helping them to start the immune response.
  • They makes up approximately 0.2% of the serum antibodies
  • IgD is a monomer and has 2-epitope binding sites
  • This class antibodies are found on the surface of B-lymphocytes

Antibodies lock onto the antigen, but they do not kill it, only mark it for death. The killing is the job of other cells, such as phagocytes