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Information System-Introduction to Computing-Handout, Exercises of Introduction to Computing

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar UniversityIntroduction to Computing

This is lecture handout for Introduction to Computing course. It was provided by Prof. Neelam Kapoor at B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology. It includes: Information, Systems, Tactical, Management, Operational, Plan, Levels, Goals, Adminstrative, Supervisory

Typology: Exercises

2011/2012

Uploaded on 07/19/2012

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Information System
Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the
effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and
characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation
methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.
Types of Management and Goals
There are three levels of management in an organization.Strategic management,tactical management and operational
management.Strategic management is the higher level of management in an organization.Strategic management
involves making decisions about what business the organization should be in and what its overall objectives should
be.Strategic management's planning is long term and considers where the business wants to be in two to three years
time-longer in some cases.Strategic management has the highest authority.It includes senior managers,chief
executives,M.D,etc.
Tactical managments are termed as intermediate management.They have lower authority than strategic
management.Tactical management involves making decisions about how an organization should go about achieving
the overall objectives determined by strategic management.Tactical mangement decides what needs to be done
within that year to implememt the plan of strategic management.
Operational plan: This management translates the goal of tactical management into operational.It includes
operators.the daily routine based work is done by operational mangement.This is also known as operating core.
Levels of management
The term “Levels of Management’ refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organization. The
number of levels in management increases when the size of the business and work force increases and vice versa. The level of
management determines a chain of command, the amount of authority & status enjoyed by any managerial position. The levels of
management can be classified in three broad categories: -
1. Top level / Administrative level
2. Middle level / Executory
3. Low level / Supervisory / Operative / First-line managers
Managers at all these levels perform different functions. The role of managers at all the three levels is discussed below:
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Information System

Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.

Types of Management and Goals

There are three levels of management in an organization.Strategic management,tactical management and operational management. Strategic management is the higher level of management in an organization.Strategic management involves making decisions about what business the organization should be in and what its overall objectives should be.Strategic management's planning is long term and considers where the business wants to be in two to three years time-longer in some cases.Strategic management has the highest authority.It includes senior managers,chief executives,M.D,etc. Tactical managments are termed as intermediate management.They have lower authority than strategic management.Tactical management involves making decisions about how an organization should go about achieving the overall objectives determined by strategic management.Tactical mangement decides what needs to be done within that year to implememt the plan of strategic management. Operational plan: This management translates the goal of tactical management into operational.It includes operators.the daily routine based work is done by operational mangement.This is also known as operating core.

Levels of management

The term “ Levels of Management ’ refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organization. The number of levels in management increases when the size of the business and work force increases and vice versa. The level of management determines a chain of command, the amount of authority & status enjoyed by any managerial position. The levels of management can be classified in three broad categories: -

  1. Top level / Administrative level
  2. Middle level / Executory
  3. Low level / Supervisory / Operative / First-line managers Managers at all these levels perform different functions. The role of managers at all the three levels is discussed below:

LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

1. Top Level of Management

It consists of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the ultimate source of authority and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on planning and coordinating functions. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows - a. Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise. b. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. c. It prepares strategic plans & policies for the enterprise. d. It appoints the executive for middle level i.e. departmental managers. e. It controls & coordinates the activities of all the departments. f. It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. g. It provides guidance and direction. h. The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the performance of the enterprise.

2. Middle Level of Management

The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. In small organization, there is only one layer of middle level of management but in big enterprises, there may be senior and junior middle level management. Their role can be emphasized as - a. They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. b. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. c. They participate in employment & training of lower level management. d. They interpret and explain policies from top level management to lower level. e. They are responsible for coordinating the activities within the division or department. f. It also sends important reports and other important data to top level management. g. They evaluate performance of junior managers. h. They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards better performance.

3. Lower Level of Management

Lower level is also known as supervisory / operative level of management. It consists of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. According to R.C. Davis , “Supervisory management refers to those executives whose work has to be largely with personal oversight and direction of operative employees”. In other words, they are concerned with direction and controlling function of management. Their activities include -

Decision-Support Systems Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. DSS often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people in the organisation to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants. KMS are built around systems which allow efficient categorisation and distribution of knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an intranet. Transaction Processing Systems As the name implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example:

  • Billing systems to send invoices to customers
  • Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments
  • Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements
  • Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business Office Automation Systems Office Automation Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example is the wide range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.